In the toponymy of the Smolensk Region, a large number of names of localities have been preserved to this day, which reflect the names of certain types of settlements that existed in the past. I. I. Kostomarov noted: "Residential areas in Russia were: city, suburb, posad, settlement, churchyard, village, village, village, pochinok" (Kostomarov N. I. Home life and customs of the great Russian people. Moscow, 1993). Often a village or village did not have any name - "just a village and that's it. At a remote time, its inhabitants did not need a special name, existing almost in a closed world, barely connected with the larger world. When a name was needed in a number of other villages, the common name, which meant the genus of the object, took on the functions of an absent proper " (Nikonov V. A. Introduction to Toponymics, Moscow, 1965).

Smolensk region, with its deep and multifaceted history, represents a number of types of settlements that arose at different, sometimes quite ancient, times. Many of these names, which are common names, have become proper place names over time: gorodets, gorodok, sloboda, volya, pogost, selo, village, seltso, village, exhibition, vyselki, pochinok, zaymishche, ostrog, khutor, etc.

Among the names of localities in the region, we can distinguish a fairly large group of toponyms with the base-city- . As you know, the word city originally meant a fenced place. This is evidenced by the data of the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the XI-XVII centuries (hereinafter referred to as the Dictionary of the XI-XVII centuries): "gorod-1. Fence, fortress wall, line of fortifications. (1224) (...) Temporary reinforcement. (1149) (...) A siege structure. (1323) (...) 2. Fortified settlement, fortress. (988) (...) The inner fortified part of the city, the Kremlin. (1402) (...) Part of the city is behind a special fence, a wall." In the meaning of "large locality, city; city and its parish, county; population of the city", the word city is recorded in the monuments of business writing in the XVI-XVII centuries (SLR XI-XVII centuries Issue 4).

The toponyms Gorodets and Gorodtsy are derived from the base Gorodets. The diminutive of city the word gorodets is known in the monuments of pis-

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It has been used since the 13th century with the meaning "small fortified city" (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries Issue 4). It is preserved in the Russian language for a long time, as indicated by the dictionary of V. I. Dahl, fixing it with extended semantics: "town, fortress, fortified tyn town, village" (Dahl V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Moscow, 1999. Vol. I). Thus, Gorodets is already a small town. not just a fortified city, but a village in general. In Russian vernacular dialects, the specified values in the syllables of the XI-XVII centuries and in Dahl are added " old hillfort. Vlad., Yaroslav. " (Dictionary of Russian folk dialects, Moscow-L., 1965 - ... Issue 7; further SRNG).

The toponym Gorodetskoye is no longer directly connected with the word gorodets, but with formations from the latter - gorodetsky, gorodetskoye (related to gorodets ). Thus, toponyms with the names Gorodets and Gorodetskoye probably originated on the site of former fortifications or on old settlements. The toponym Gorodtsy probably indicates the concentration of several such settlements in the past.

The word gorodishche passed into the category of a proper name without any structural changes and is recorded in the toponymy of the region as Gorodishche. The original appellative has a characteristic suffix-isch (e), which was originally used in Russian with the meaning "a place where something was or happened" (for example, pozharishche - "a place after a fire"). The meaning of" ancient settlement with the remains of a city, fortress " is recorded by the rumor of the XI-XVII centuries. (Issue 4) from the XVI century. In the 17th century, according to the same dictionary, a fortified settlement or town was already called a hillfort. Such villages fortified by land ramparts are typical of the ancient period of the history of the Smolensk Region, for example, the" dead " city of Verzhavsk, on the site of which there is a hillfort with traces of an earthen rampart (Demidovsky district), Kasplyansk settlement (Smolensky district), etc. (Makhotin B. A. To the living sources. Smolensk, 1989). The antiquity of such settlements is also indicated by the fact that toponyms with the suffix-isch(e) are very old Slavic formations, therefore, the already mentioned toponyms with this suffix are very ancient (Rogonova R. S. Toponymy of the Bryansk region. Dissertation Candidate of Philology Bryansk, 1991).

The toponym Gorodnya is probably related to the word gorodnya meaning "fence, wall". (1664)" (SLRYA XI - XVII centuries. Issue 4). Dahl also pointed to the word gorodnya as the name of a type of fortification- "log cabins filled with earth or stones for fencing, fortifications or in the form of bulls, abutments under bridges, also piles, and now, a fence or zalot stand" (Dahl Vol. I). However, in the living Smolensk dialects, the word gorodnya acquired a completely different meaning: "land occupied for a vegetable garden", associated with agricultural activities (Dictionary of Smolensk dialects. Smolensk, 1988. Vol. 3). Perhaps this value goes back to

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to the primary meaning of the word vegetable garden "fenced place". The toponyms Gorodna and Gorodno are obviously semantically similar to Gorodnya.

The name Gorodnaya originated on the basis of the adjective gorodnoy "city", formed from the city and known in writing since the XIII century (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries. Issue 4).

The toponyms Gorodok are numerous in the Smolensk region. SLRYA of the XI-XVII centuries fixes the town in the meaning of "settlement, town" since the XV century; the values of "fortification, fence, fortified settlement, fenced plot of land" refer to the XVII century (SLRYA of the XI-XVII centuries, Issue 4). Dal, designating the town as a prison, ostrozhek, settlement fortified by tyn, he adds: "a large, rich village, with several churches" (Dal. Vol. I). The same values are recorded in modern dialects (SRNG, Issue 7).

The toponyms Gorodchanka, Gorodyanka, Gorozhanka, and Gorozhanskoe originated on the basis of word formations from gorod with different meanings. Judging by the rumor data of the XI-XVII centuries. (Issue 4), the word gorozhanka "resident of the city" has been known in Russian since the XVII century. However, we cannot say that it was this name that served as the basis for the formation of these toponyms.

A large number of names of localities with the root-city-undoubtedly indicates that in ancient times such a type of fortified settlements as a city was very popular. It is not by chance that the Scandinavian (Varangian) merchants and vigilantes who visited these parts called the land they first saw Gordarika - "the land of cities" (Makhotin. Edict. op.).

On the territory of the Smolensk Region, we have noted about a hundred localities in which the word sloboda is the basis of the name. B. Makhotin speaks about the wide distribution of Sloboda settlements in the territory in the past, noting that such settlements, which enjoyed certain privileges, including such as temporary exemption from taxes and other duties, existed in Ancient Russia (Makhotin. Edict. op.).

With the name Sloboda recorded 45 villages and villages, modern and existing in the past; with the name Slobodka-9. In addition, there were and still are many Sloboda villages with words-definitions that indicate the following:: 1) belonging to someone - the villages of Annina Sloboda, Anufrieva Sloboda, Argunova Sloboda, Astapova Sloboda, Vlasova Sloboda, Goltseva Sloboda, Ekimova Sloboda, Ivleva Sloboda, Kudina Sloboda, Leshchina Sloboda, Pneva Sloboda, Teshkina Sloboda, Podmonastyrskaya Sloboda; 2) on the specialization of settlements-the villages of Slesareva Sloboda, Sluzhitelskaya Sloboda, Yamskaya Sloboda (2); 3) relative age - Staraya Sloboda, Novaya Sloboda, Novo-Sloboda, Novo-Slobodka; 4) Size

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- Bolshaya (Malaya) Sloboda; 5) on the geographical location - the villages of Vysokaya Sloboda, Zarechnaya Sloboda; 6) serial number - the First (Second) Sloboda; 7) on the symbolism of the revolutionary changes of the XX century. Krasnaya Sloboda (4). The same group includes the names with the characteristic suffix-ish (e) of localities that appeared on the site of slobod and slobodok-village Slobodishche (3).

As N. I. Kostomarov noted, " there were three types of settlements in Russia: service people, industrialists, and, finally, generally villagers who enjoyed benefits. The settlements of service people included Streletskaya, Pushkarskaya, Pishchalnaya, zatinshchikov, Vorotnikov, Cossack, Yamsky. They were occupied by employees of the same name, who formed a corporation and performed a certain official duty in relation to the government... " (Kostomarov. Edict. op.).

The original meaning of the word sloboda is "village of free people". Hence, sloboda - "freedom", slobodny - "free" (Dal. Vol. IV). The etymology of this word was also pointed out by Fasmer, noting that the Old Russian sloboda was obtained by dissimilation b-b - > l-b from svoboda "settlement of free people" (Fasmer M. etymological dictionary of the Russian language, Moscow, 1987, Vol. III). Over time, sloboda, as Dahl pointed out, began to be called " a suburban village, a suburban settlement, outside the city, i.e. behind the wall, a kind of posad. // Now a large village, where there is more than one church, and a trade or fair, or a volost board, a kind of rural capital; also an industrial, factory village, where the peasants almost do not plow." Hence, a slobodchik is called a resident of a sloboda, or in general "a free person who is not assigned to the land" (Dal. Vol. IV). In Smolensk dialects, oslobonit ("liberate") is found.

Analogs of the names of Sloboda villages are toponyms with the root-vol -: the settlements of Volnyaki, Volshchina, Volya, the village of Volnaya Sloboda (former settlements of the Smolensk region). As V. A. Nikonov noted, the distribution area of toponyms with this root is the western regions. They are numerous in Poland and western Ukraine.

In the Smolensk region, there were two localities with the name Pogost (village-until 1959 and village-until 1966). The oldest word pogost was once polysemous (see SLRYA XI-XVII centuries.Issue 15). Its modern significance is recorded by written monuments only from the XVII century. But since the 12th and 13th centuries, the semantics of the appellative churchyard includes the designation of a church parish, a settlement with a church; since the 15th century, a church with a cemetery and the courtyards of the parish. According to N. I. Kostomarov, near such settlements, most often "the relations of the surrounding inhabitants were concentrated and an administrative center was established." Perhaps, the significance of such settlements-graveyards led to the fact that they were fixed in the toponymy.

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Toponyms Selo (2), Seltso (16 villages, 1 settlement). Selishche (10 villages, 2 villages, 2 villages) go back to the word village. In the past, a village was called "a place built up and inhabited by peasants, in which there is a church; sometimes the village consists of many, sprawling villages assigned to one parish." Selets was called "a village, a village, especially a manor, especially a manor house" (Dal. Vol. IV). That is, the difference between a village and a village was only in their size. The word selishche, which is the basis of the toponym Selishche, meant "a very large village, settlement, where there is more than one church // any settlement, settlement". It also has the meaning "smoothly burned or destroyed, demolished village, remains of a residential place" (with the suffix-ish ( e) already considered). A village marked "old" means "residential land, field, arable land; place of settlement with land" (Dal. Vol. IV). Perhaps this group of toponyms also includes such names as Seliba (3), Novaya/Staraya Seliba, Selibki (4) (see selitsya, selishche u Dal). The toponyms Novoe Selo (2) and Staroe Selo (2), in addition to indicating the type of settlement, indicate their relative age.

The toponym Poselok (2 villages, one of which existed until 1943, the other - until 1976) goes back to the word poselok - " a small village, hamlet; settlement or settlement, novoselki; separated, due to the tightness or distance of land from the indigenous village of peasants, and settled in a new place, near, on the common wastelands lands" (Dal. Vol. III.).

In the Smolensk region in the past, there were two rather interesting toponyms: villages of Derevenek, Village. Now there are villages of villagers, Old Village. The word village, from which toponyms are formed, had one of the meanings "a place cleared for plowing, arable land, land" (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries. Issue 4). The meaning of the dzyareun appeal, marked on the territory of Belarus, is connected with slash agriculture - "a settlement in the forest on a carved place", with the mark " old"(Yashkin I. Ya. Belarusian geographical names. In Belarusian. Minsk, 1971). With the meaning "arable land and other land areas (Vologda) // pustosh" (Vologda, Arch, Dal), the village is also recorded in Russian folk dialects. In this case, the expression "plow the village" is quite logical (Makhotin. Edict. op.).

Another, more well-known, meaning of the word village is "a settlement in one or several courtyards with adjacent land" (SLR XI-XVII centuries. Issue 4). It is worth adding that the village was a settlement without a church, unlike villages or graveyards.

The toponym Derevensk is interesting from the point of view of suffix design. Traditionally, the suffix-sk-in Russian toponymy forms the "urban" toponymic type. i.e., this is how the names of cities ( Omsk, Smolensk, Bryansk, Pinsk, etc.) are formed.-

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nya got its name because of some special significance of this settlement.

The toponym Derevenshchiki is formed by adding the suffix-shik-to the topo - ve-derevn - (- dereven -) with the meaning "person by occupation" (cf. bricklayer, excavator operator). Perhaps the toponym Derevenshchiki, which was based on the appellative derevenshchik with the meaning "a person working on arable land", reflects just the more forgotten meaning of the word village.

A group of settlements, villages, and villages with the names of Pochinok (28, 12 of them currently exist) and Novy is highlighted/Old Pochinok (before 1965), Pochinki (now there is one village). All of them go back to the word pochinok with the meaning "a new settlement, a village on a newly cleared place", recorded in the XIV century (SLR XI-XVII centuries. Issue 18). In V. I. Dahl, the word pochinok is formed from pochin in the meaning of the beginning or laying of a new arable land in the forest, and from it the settlement of settlements, novoselok, vyselki. This indigenous Russian economy, the pochinkovoe, clearing and burning out of the village are beginning to be evicted for repairs "(Dal. Vol. III). Thus, settlements with the names Pochinok and Pochinki appeared where the land was cultivated for arable land and where farmers, forming settlements, "repaired" to cultivate the land and create villages.

The name of the village Pochinichi was formed, perhaps, from the word pochinichi with the characteristic suffix-ichi, which, according to V. Tashitsky, means inhabitants on the territorial basis of pochinichi from pochinok, i.e. "inhabitants of pochinka", for example, the name of the ancient Russian tribes Dregovichi from dregva "swamp" (Taszycki W. "Jezyk polski". 1936. N 1).

The toponyms Vyselka, Vyselki are derived from the word vyselok, which is recorded in written monuments from the XVII century with the meaning "a settlement in a new place, separated from another village, vyselok" (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries. Issue 3). Dahl noted the verbs evict, evict with the meaning " move, bring or translate from one place change of residence to another (...) settlements, new settlements from nearby natives who separated and occupied the wasteland or zapolye." Currently, vyselki as a local geographical term is marked in the meaning of "a small locality separated from a large village; a farm" (Voronezh region; Murzaev E. and V. Dictionary of Local Geographical Terms, Moscow, 1959).

The toponyms Vystavka, Vystavka Zelenaya, Vystavka Prostaya go back to the original word vystavka, which has been recorded since the 17th century as a polysemous word, one of the meanings of which is "a separate yard or village located outside the main settlement (isolated farm, settlements)" (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries, Issue 3). In our time, this term is often used in the form of a multi-valued word. An appellative is a local geographical term that is used to describe the following areas:

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as evidenced by the specified Murzaev Dictionary. The meaning of "village, farmstead, row of huts" is given without specifying the place, but the authors refer to the fact that "p. The exhibition Novg. region, apparently, got its name from this term "(Murzaevs. Edict. op.). This value is close to that of the word evictions.

The toponyms Zaymishche and Zaymovka originated from zaymishche, which was first recorded in written monuments with the meaning "a plot of land (far from the village, outside of public lands) occupied by someone for agricultural use" (1555). In the meaning "a separate manor, as well as a small village outside the main village", the word zaymishche refers to Issue 5). Over time, based on these dictionaries, zaymishchem began to be called "a place occupied for plowing, clearing; latrines and forests occupied for arable land and mowing" (Dal. T. I). Thus, the meaning of "a small village outside of the city of zaymishchem" (Dal. t. I). outside of the main village", recorded from the monuments of writing in the XVII century and not noted in later sources, is reflected in the toponymy in the form of preserved settlements, indicating their ancient appearance.

Of interest is the word ostrog, from which a group of toponyms of the Smolensk Region arose-Ostrogi, Ostrozhki. Ostrozhniki, Ostrozhok. The first fixation of the word ostrog dates back to the XI century with the meaning "palisade, palisade of logs pointed from above, tightly fitted to each other and driven into the ground" (SLR XI-XVII centuries. Issue 13). At the same time, the meaning of "fortification, fortress"also applies. By the middle of the XII century, the prison was also called the "outer fortress as opposed to detinets". But later, in particular. Dal, in addition to the values indicated in the syllables of the XI - XVII centuries, cited the following: "the first settlement in the North and Siberia / / prison, arrestant, a building surrounded by a prison or wall, where prisoners are kept, prisoners, prison castle (prison guards)" (Dal. Vol. II). In the SRNG, ostrog is marked only in the meaning "prison, ostrog". Consequently, the toponym Ostrozhniki probably arose as a result of the settlement of former exiles or prisoners in these places, especially since the appearance of this village, according to systematic lists, dates back to 1904 (Administrative and territorial structure of the Smolensk region: Handbook, Moscow)., 1981). Other toponyms of the group under consideration are recorded in 1811. Villages with these names existed, of course, before and owe their origin to the times when fortified settlements were called forts.

Names of villages Khutor, Khutor Petrovsky, Khutor Pokrovsky, Khutor, Khutorok, Khutory (2), pos. Vladimir farms are formed on the basis of the original word for them khutor, which meant "a separate peasant farm with a manor"; in Ukraine and in the south of Russia - "a country house with a garden and land". This is the word for pre-

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No East Slavic language was used here. It seems to have originated from dialects. In dictionaries of the all-Russian language, it is noted only from the end of the XVIII century (CAP. 1794. Vol. VI). But even in the XIX century, this word was considered regional. With the mark "region" it is noted in the dictionary of 1847 (Chernykh P. Ya. Historical and etymological Dictionary of the modern Russian language, Vol. II). According to Dahl, a farmstead is called "pustotnaya-an estate, an allotment farmstead, a separate house, a hut, with gardens, cattle and agriculture" (Dahl. Vol. IV). Thus, the khutor, as a type of settlement, was not widespread in the Slavic territory in the past, as evidenced by dictionary data. The fixation of this word as a toponym on the territory of the Smolensk region indicates the spread of this type of settlement here. It should be added that most of the settlements with these names were formed in the first half of the XX century. Perhaps this is due to certain social changes of this era. The name of the village Khutor Petrovsky, which was mentioned in the XIX century, most likely indicates that this farm belongs to the owner.

Thus, toponyms that appeared from the names of the types of localities in the Smolensk Region that existed in the past reflect the history and social strata of that time, and they help language researchers to restore the range of certain words that have disappeared from modern use, or trace the evolution of those that have survived.

Smolensk

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