Significant changes taking place in Russian society in our time have led to the emergence of a large number of neologisms of the lexical-semantic group "nomina politicus". The group of new words - names of people belonging to political parties, groups, and trends-is open and, of course, is sensitive to all changes in public life.

As the analysis of the actual material showed, among the new word signs of the lexical-semantic group "nomina politicus", strong and weak neoplasms can be distinguished. Strong neologisms traditionally include word-forming and borrowed new words.

The most productive way to form neologisms in this area is the suffix method. Thus, the suffix-ec / - ovets shows the greatest activity in the subgroup of words with the meaning "person by belonging to an organization, party, or other political grouping": OMON (OMON), spetsnaz (spetsnaz), fondovets (Pension Fund), etc. There are also new formations with the general meaning "follower of someone, supporter of something", formed, as a rule, from the generating bases of proper names or abbreviations (Luzhkovets, Chubais, Zhirinovets, Zyuganovets, Ampilovets, dudayevets, Ldprovets, etc.). Among the new words of this group, we can also note lexical units formed by from the basics of updated tokens (dumets).

Most often, in the formation of words with the general meaning "a person characterized by properties, views, ideological direction, which are called a motivating word", the suffix-ist is used: anti-globalist, lobbyist, separatist, federalist, ethnocentric, extremist, etc. Obviously, the named suffix is actively involved in the formation of new words from borrowed bases (with the exception of a few words like Yeltsinist - a supporter of Yeltsin, evader - a person evading military service, etc.).

The suffix-shik is also active in the production of nouns denoting a person by belonging to an organization or institution,

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traffic management, etc.: alternativschik, antikriminalschik, antiperestroika, kommunalschik, nomenclaturschik, etc. As can be seen, such names are functionally stylistically and expressively stylistically colored (cf.: nomenclatur-Razg. Disapprove. Nomenclature worker).

Interesting groups are entities with a zero suffix (cf.: illegal in the sense of "a person who is in an illegal position"), with the suffixes-ik / - nick (cf.: human rights defender in the sense of "a public figure who speaks to the authorities demanding that they observe generally recognized human rights and freedoms"; taxman, security officer, shadow worker, statesman, yablochnik, FSB officer, traffic police officer), - ant (repatriate, signatory), - ariy (parliamentarian),- ator (privatizer), etc.

Neologisms-borrowings can now denote both new and previously known realities that already have names in the Russian language. Most modern foreign-language words "nomina politicus" convey concepts that have long existed in the West and are beginning to win the right to live in the new Russian reality (cf.: hardliner-a politician who adheres to a hard course and avoids compromises; skinheads - groups of young people who are distinguished by defiant behavior and a tendency to aggressiveness and extremism; mafiosi, etc.). Some foreign-language lexemes denote concepts that are already known to the Russian language consciousness and have certain correspondences in the Russian language (security - security officer, businessman-entrepreneur; manager - specialist in production management).

Many foreign-language words that are widely used in modern Russian speech are not fundamentally new, but were known to the Russian language earlier, but turned out to be in demand only recently. Some of them cease to denote concepts that were previously peculiar only to foreign or pre-revolutionary reality, and begin to be used in the conditions of a new Russian life (compare the modern interpretation and use of the words speaker-chairman of parliament and mayor-head of municipality, in the meanings of which there was a loss of semantic components "in foreign / / bourgeois / / some countries").

It should also be noted that in recent decades, some exotic lexemes associated with the designation of Islamic socio-political groups and classes have become relevant (Mujahideen - fighters of the armed opposition; Taliban - armed militants who were brought up in Muslim schools and subsequently trained in military camps; suicide bomber, "kamikaze", etc.).

Weak neologisms are well-known words in the Russian language, the novelty of which is determined by changes in a particular language.

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other aspects of their content. Among such words, the proper semantic and functional-semantic neologisms are distinguished. The former are formed, as a rule, due to the emergence of a new meaning in the word (regional in the sense of "member of the deputy group "Russian Regions"; patriot in the sense of "national patriot"; communist in the sense of "member of the Communist Party" , etc.). The appearance of semantic neologisms can also be associated with the removal of "ideological layers" or with the "reorientation of nominations" (the disappearance of the ideologized semantic component "supporter of bourgeois parties, trends in capitalist states" in the words radical and pacifist; the destruction of the seme "reactionary, conservative, hostile to advanced trends" in the words right and democrat, the removal of the seme "in pre-revolutionary Russia" in the word cadet, etc.).

Functional and semantic neologisms in the "nomina politicus" group are associated with changes in the nature of their functioning: narrowing or expanding the scope of use of the word, increasing or decreasing the frequency of its use, and being classified as obsolete or new vocabulary. So, at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, the names of governor, duma member, political scientist, plutocrat, partocrat, and oligarch became widely used. At the same time, the passive vocabulary includes such currently little-used words as fartsovschik, perestroika, Gorbachev, Stalinist.

It is obvious that the process of emergence of new linguistic phenomena in the political sphere is particularly intense. Many of the new names are reflected in lexicographic publications of the Russian language of the recent period, and some continue to exist as speech facts.

Voronezh

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