The ancient and early medieval ethnonymy of the Eastern Caucasus has repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers. Thanks to the works of I. Markwart, V. F. Minorsky, S. Eremyan, K. V. Trever, S. B. Ashurbeyli, A. A. Hakobyan, M. S. Hajiyev and others, it was possible to achieve significant progress in the identification and localization of a significant part of the East Caucasian ethnonyms appearing in ancient and early medieval sources.

Keywords: Faust Buzand, Elishe (Yeghishe), Ashkharatsuyts, Anania Shirakatsi, ethnonyms.

The first information on the ethnonymy of the Eastern Caucasus appears in the works of ancient authors. They mention more than a dozen tribes of this region: the Kaspians, Gels and Legi, Gargarei, Utii, Udins, Uds, Utidorsi, Isonds and Olonds, Albans, Silva and Lupenia, Didurs and Sodas. In the later period, in the fifth and seventh centuries, Armenian authors cite more than fifty East Caucasian ethnonyms and ethnotoponyms. The most complete information on the ethnonymy of the Eastern Caucasus is contained in the seventh-century "Armenian Geography" (Ašxarhac 'oyc'), the authorship of which was attributed by the Armenian tradition to Movses Khorenatsi (fifth century).1. Currently, almost all researchers accept the hypothesis of K. P. Patkanov and I. Marquart, according to which this work belongs to the great Armenian scientist Ananiy Shirakatsi (610-681) [Armenian Geography..., 1877, p. XIII; Marquart, 1899, p. 4; see also: Manandyan, 1947, p. 127-143; Abegyan, 1975, p. 216; Eremyan, 1963; Eremian, 1980, p. 143-155; Hewsen, 1967, p. 409-132; The Geography ..., 1992]. The only researcher who has questioned the authorship of Ananias Shirakatsi, as well as the dating of this work in the seventh century, is V. F. Butba [Butba, 2005, pp. 188-198].

"Armenian Geography" of the seventh century is a translation into Armenian of one of the non-preserved versions of the "Geographical Manual" of Ptolemy (83-161), supplemented by information from other geographical treatises [see: Eremyan, 1986, p. 79; Novoseltsev, 1990, p. 30, 82; Kasumova, 1994, p. 48 sl.]. the work has been preserved in lengthy and concise editions.

As for the previously assumed affiliation of the" Armenian Geography " of the seventh century. The ethnonymy of the Eastern Caucasus was rather poorly known to Movses Khorenatsi: with the exception of the Albanians (ag 'vank'), Huns (honk'), Khazars (khazirk'), Basliks (baslik') who lived in this region, he does not cite any East Caucasian ethnonyms in his" History of Armenia". only once does he mention "brave Shergir, king of the Leks", who died in 371 in the battle of Dzirav field [History of Armenia by Moses Khorensky, 1893, ch. 3. 37].

1 As a rule, they write Movsss, but in special literature the form Movses is used, as it better reflects the Armenian sound.

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In addition to the" Armenian Geography " of the seventh century, a large number of East Caucasian ethnonyms appear in the writings of fifth-century authors. Fausta Buzanda and Elisha (Eg'ishe). The first one should be mentioned in particular.

The essay known in the research literature as "The History of Armenia by P'avstos Buzand" was most likely written in the 30-40s of the fifth century (Perikhanyan, 1986, p. 155). For other views on the dating of this work, see: [History of Armenia by Favstos Buzand, 1953, p. IX, XI (introductory article); Garsoyan, 1986, p. 53; Abegyan, 1975, p. 106], and the author attributed it to a" Greek chronograph historian " named Fawstos. As for the etymology of the original name of this work -"Buzandaran patmut'iwnk'", then, according to A. G. Perikhanyan [Perikhanyan, 1986, pp. 154-155], the element buzan - reflects the Parthian *bzzan, Iran. *bava (t)-zanda (h) or *bava(t)-zanti, where the first component is represented by the participle from *bāv: būta "rumor", and the second component can be associated with either avest. zanda -, which could have the meaning "songsinger; spellcaster", or from iran. * zanti "knowledge; message; edification; story". Thus, Iran. * bavat-zcmdah - / zanti -, Parth. *bzzan, Arm. buzan, means "singer of songs, storyteller, rhapsodist", and Arm. buzandaran (with Arm. suffix. - agap, meaning "receptacle" or "collection, collection" - from Iran. - a-dāna - "receptacle, storage") - "collection (stories) of rhapsodic storytellers" [Perikhanyan, 1986, p. 154]. The transformation of Favstos, the supposed author of the collection, into Favstos of Byzantium (P'awstos Buzand) was connected not only with the reference to his "Greek", i.e. Byzantine, identification, but also with the consonance of the Armenian language. biwzand "Byzantine" and buzan [Perikhanyan, 1986, p. 155]. Nevertheless, according to the established tradition, the author of this collection will be referred to below as Faust Buzand.

Speaking about the attack of the Muscut king Sanesan on Armenia around 336, Faust Buzand lists the names of the tribes whose detachments were present in the army of the attackers:"...And he gathered [Sanesan. - I. S.] all the troops-Huns, Nokhs, Tavaspars, Khechmataks, Izhmakhs, Gats and Gluars, Gugars, Shichbas and Chilbas, and Balasichevs and Egersvans, and a myriad of other motley nomadic tribes "[ History of Armenia by Faustos Buzand, 1953, section 4, ch. 7].

Around the same period, another Armenian author, Elisha 2, describing the events of 442-451, repeatedly mentions Albania and Lpinia 3: "Such a message was received in the country of the Armenians, in the country of the Ivers, and in the country of the Albans, and in the country of the Lbins, and in the country of the Tsavdeans, and in the country of the Korduis, and in the country of the Aldznik, and in many other remote areas..." [Yeghishe, 1971, p. 30] ;" For a general command was received from the palace both about the Armenian country, and about the Iberian and Albanian countries, and about the Lbin country, and about Aldznik, and about Korduk, and about Tsavdek, and about Dasna..." [Egishe, 1971, p. 59]. A joint mention of Albania and Lpinia is also found in other places in the book of Elisha.

Speaking about the events of 451, Elisha gives a large list of tribes, mainly East Caucasian, whose detachments Marzban of Armenia Vasak Suni attracted to the war against the rebellious Armenians:"...He made a full recruitment in the Land of the Iver, made up the troops of the Lbins and Chilbs, [made a recruitment] in Wat, Gaw and Gluar, and Hrsan and hEchmatak, Paskh and Poskh, and Pyukuan, [gathered] all the army of Tavasparan-mountain and plain, and the fortress side of the mountains" [Egishe, 1971, p. 92].

Further, describing the events of the second half of 451, Elisha writes that the Sasanian Shahanshah Ezdigerd II (439-457) appointed Muskan Nisalavurt military ruler of the Eastern Caucasus regions and sent him "to the country of Albans, Lbins and Chilbs, and [to the country] of Hechmataks, and [to the country] of Tavaspars, and [to the country] of Khibians... "[Egishe, 1971, p. 117].

2 The phoneme l was absent in the Armenian language, and in foreign-language borrowings and, in particular, in the transmission of biblical names, this sound was transmitted as g'. Later, a special letter appeared in the Armenian alphabet to convey this phoneme, but this happened much later than the time of Elisha's life.

3 In Armenian, the Lp 'in phoneme p' is transcribed as n' in some translations into Russian, and as 6 in others.

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Almost all the Eastern Caucasian ethnonyms cited by Faust and Elisha are also listed in the seventh-century Armenian Geography . In its brief version, the following is said about the Caucasian peoples:: "In Sarmatia there are the mountains of Hippia and Keraunekia, etc.; there are many rivers, among them the Ethyl with 70 branches (sources), on the banks of which the people of Basil were strengthened. The following peoples live in Sarmatia: 1) Khazars, 2) Bushy (var. Bulkhs), 3) Basliks (Barsils, Basils), 4) Apshegs, 5) Apkhazs, 6) Royal Sarmatians, 7) Hippophages, 8) Nakhchamatians, 9) Phthyrophages, 10) Shurikians, 11) Mitrikians, 12) Amazons, 13) Alans, 14) Kheburs (var. Khebars), 15) Kudets, 16) Skyumi, 17) Argavets, 18) Margols, 19) Takotsi (var. Takry), 20) Argozes, 21) Dachans, 22) Pinches, 23) Dvals, 24) Huns, 25) Vospurs, 26) Tsanars, in the land of which the Alansky and Tsekan passes, 27) Carcasses, 28) Khushi, 29) Bushes, 30) Cannibals, 31) Tskhavats, 32) Gudamakary, 33) Duichiki, 34) Didotsi (var. Digoi), 35) Leks, 36) Catapastians, 37) Agutacans, 38) Henuts (var. Khenuki), 39) Shila, 40) Chigby, 41) Hegayk (can be transcribed: Hely), 42) Kaspy, 43) Pukhi, 44) Shirvan, 45) Khsran, 46) Tavaspari, 47) Khechmataki, 48) Izhamakhi, 49) Paskhi, 50) Pushi, 51) Pikonaki 52) Bakans, 53) Maskuts, near the Caspian Sea, where the spurs of the Caucasus reach and where the Derbend wall, a huge fortress in the sea, is erected. To the north live the Huns, who have the city of Varachan and other cities" [Patkanov, 1883, p. 28; see also: Armenian Geography of the seventh century, 1877, p. 37-38].

In a lengthy edition of the Armenian Geography of the seventh century, the description of the Caucasian tribes begins with the Bulgarians who lived in the western part of the North Caucasus, and then follows the text: "Between the Bulgarians and the Pontic Sea live the peoples: Garshi, Kut and Svan... "[Patkanov, 1883, p. 27]. Further, the Armenian author gives a description of the Atl River (Atil, Volga) and its delta. "In the middle of this river there is an island where the people of 8) Baslovs take refuge from strong nations, 9) Khazars and 10) Bushkhs, who come to winter pastures and are located in the east and west of the river. The island is called Black, because it appears black from the multitude of Basle who inhabit it along with their flocks. Ptolemy calls it the island of Grave (?). < ... > The peoples of Sarmatia are distributed as follows, starting from the west and heading east. First, 15) the Aghvan people (not Albans), 16) Ashtigor in the south. Together with them live 17) Kheburs, 18) Kutets, 19) Argvels, 20) Marduyls, 21) Takuyrs. 22) Digors in the Ardoz region of the Caucasus Mountains live 23) Alans, from where the Armna river flows (?), which, heading north and passing through endless steppes, connects with Atl. In the same mountains beyond Ardoztsy live 24) Dachany, 25) Dvaly, 26) Tsekhoiki, 27) Purka, 28) Tsanarka, in the land of which there are the Alansky Gate and another Ktseken gate, named after the people. They are followed by 29) Dutsi and 30) Khuzhi, 31) Cannibal Cysts, 32) Tskhavats, 33) Gudamakars, 34) Durtskis, 35) Didoi, 36) Leks, 37) Tabatarans, 38) Agutakans, 39) Henoki, 40) Shigpas, 41) Chigbas, 42) Puiks. Then the Caucasus is divided into two ridges. One goes in a straight direction, enclosing Shirvan and Khsrvan to Horsvem. Another ridge, releasing from itself the Arm River (named Armna above), flowing to the north and flowing into the Atl, goes to the northeast. 43 people live in it) Tavaspari, 44) Khechmataki, 45) Izhmakhi, 46) Paskhi, 47) Poskhi, 48) Pyukonaki, 49) Bagan, where the long Abzud-Kavad wall originates to the Alminon marshes (?) and to the sea. To the north of this ridge lives a people of 50) Maskuts, on the field of Vardanian (read: Vatnia) near the Caspian Sea. At this point, the ridge approaches the sea, where the wall of Derbend (meaning link and gate), the city of the Chor Pass, a great fortress built in the middle of the sea, is located. To the north (from Derbend) near the sea is the 51st kingdom of the Huns, to the west near the Caucasus is the city of the Huns, Varajan, as well as Chungars and Msndr (Semender). To the east live 52) Savira to the Talta river (read: Atl), which separates Asian Sarmatia from Scythia, the same as Apakhtar or Turkestan. Their king is called khagan, and the queen, the wife of the khagan, is called khatun" (Patkanov, 1883, pp. 29-31).

Both editions of the seventh-century Armenian Geography contain ethnonyms that were archaic even in Ptolemy's time, such as "royal Sarmatians"; The "Amazons" were a fantastic people that ancient geographers placed in various parts of Asia Minor and the Caucasus.

Below is a table that summarizes the Caucasian ethnonyms from the long and short editions of the" Armenian Geography " of the VII century, while maintaining the numbering of K. P. Patkanov. The table is supplemented with East Caucasian ethnonyms and ethnotoponyms that appear in Favst Buzand and Elisha. Transliteration of translators is observed in all cases.

page 29
Table

№№

Extensive rsd-I

Short rsd-I

Faust Buzand (F) and Elisha (E)

1

15. Aghwans

13. The Alans

2

16. Ashtigor

-

3

17. Hebrides

14. Hebrides

4

18. Kutety

15. Kudets

5

16. Skumi

6

19. Argvels

17. Argvets

7

20. Marduyly

18. Margols

8

21. Takuyry

19. Takotsi (Takry)

9

22. Digory

20. Argoses

10

23. The Alans

-

11

24. Dachans

21. Dachans

12

-

22. Pinches

13

25. Dvaly

23. Dvaly

14

26. Tsehoyki

24. The Huns

15

27. Purka

25. Vospurs (Apulae)

16

28. Tsanarka

26. Tsanary

17

29. Duci

27. Carcasses

18

30. Khuzhi

28. Khushi

19

31. Cannibal cysts

29. Bushes

30. Anthropophages 1

20

32. Tskhavaty

31. Tskhavaty

21

33. Gudamakary

32. Gudamakary

22

34. Durzki

33. Duichiki

23

35. Didoi

34. Didotsi

24

36. Lectures

35. Lectures

25

37. Tabatarany

36. Catapastians

26

38. Agutakany

37. Agutakany

27

39. Henoki

38. Henuts (henuki)

28

40. Shigpas

39. Awls (shibs)2

Shichby? (F)

29

41. Chigby

40. Tchigby

Chilby (F, E)

30

-

41. Hely

31

-

42. Casps

32

42. Puiki

43. Pukhi

Pohy (F), Pyukuan (E)

33

-

44. Shirvans

Lpins (E)

34

-

45. Hsps

35

43. Tavaspari

46. Tavaspari

Tavaspari (F), Tavasparan (E)

36

44. Khechmataki

47. Khechmataki

Hechmataki (F), Hechmatak (E)

37

45. Izhmakhi

48. Izhamakhi

Izhmakhi (F)

38

46. Easter holidays

49. Easter Holidays

Easter (E)

39

47. Pokhi

50. Pushki

Posx (E)

40

48. Pyukonaki

51. Piconaki

41

49. Bagan

52. Bakany

42

50. Maskuts

53. Maskuts

43

51. The Kingdom of the Huns

Huns (no number)

Huns (F, E) (honk')

44

52. Savirs

-

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Table (end)

№№

Extensive red-ya

Short rsd-I

Faust Buzand (F) and Elisha (E)

45

-

-

Ghats (F)

46

-

-

Gluars (F), Gluar (E)

47

-

-

googars (F)

48

-

-

Balasichi (F), Balasakan (E)

49

-

-

Wat (E)

50

-

-

Woof (E)

51

-

-

Hrsan (E)

52

-

-

Hibiscus (E)

1) See: Armenian Geography of the seventh century, 1877, p. 37.

2) See: ibid., p. 37.

This table allows us to clarify some ambiguities in the preserved lists of the" Armenian Geography " of the seventh century and, in particular, to determine the exact correspondence of the ethnonyms of the short version with the ethnonyms of the long version, as well as to revise the previously proposed interpretations. For example, the comparison of Tsehoiks with modern Tsakhurs (Gadzhiev, 1982, p.6-7) is most likely incorrect, since the table shows that the Tsehoiks of the long version correspond to the "Huns" of the short version, i.e., these are, most likely, two names of the same tribe that lived in the Central Caucasus.

In lines 3-13 of the table, the ethnonyms of the Central Caucasus appear, since the Dvals, of course, should be localized in the territory of modern South Ossetia. Consideration of these ethnonyms is beyond the scope of this article.

I will start commenting on the table with "Didotsi" (line 23).

23. Didoi (Didotsi). Dido is the Georgian name for the tsezs of Mountainous Dagestan (Tsuntinsky district) (see, for example: [Magomedov D. M., 1975, p. 95]) - they are compared with the didures of ancient authors (Plin. Nat. Hist. 6.29: Diduri; Ptolem. 5.8.22: ). The endoethnonym tsesi has the meaning "eagle "( from cej "eagle"); Avars call them cunta from sip with the same meaning (Abaev, 1973, p. 94).

24. The leks are compared with the legas of ancient authors (- Strabo. 11.5.1). Some researchers are inclined to believe that the ethnonym "leg" belonged to the ancient Lek tribes [Shikhsaidov, 1969, p. 32-33; Shikhsaidov, 1980, p. 67], others - to the ancestors of modern Laks, whose self-name is lak [Khalantian, 1903, p. 264], others, comparing leg with the ethnonym lek of Georgian sources, consider it to be the same as the name of the ancient Laks. collective for the Dagestani peoples [Minorsky, 1963, p. 134; Magomedov P. M., 1960, p. 37-56; Abdullaev and Mikayilov, 1971, p. 13-16; Davudov, 1987, p. 45]. In my opinion, the ethnonym leg/lek in the broad sense could be used to refer to all Dagestani tribes, and in the narrow sense-to refer to the ancient Lezgin tribes.

25. Tabatarans (Catapastians). Identification of this ethnonym is difficult.

26. Аг'утаканы/ Алутаканы. Identification of this ethnonym is difficult.

27. Henoki / Henuki (Henuts; variants: Henuku, Henavk). St. Yeremyan gives several toponyms that allow us to get an approximate outline of the territory where the Henuki may have been settled in the past: first, this is the village of Khnov in the upper reaches of the Samur, and secondly, the point of Ganukhi, mentioned by medieval Georgian sources on the left bank of the Alazani River (now there is a village called Ganykh-Zakatalsky district of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Azerbaijani). S. B. Ashurbeyli also points to the village of Ginukh in the Tsuntinsky district of Dagestan. In addition, the Ashurbeyli Collection compares the ethnonym "henuk" with the names of the modern villages of Bash-Goyniuk and Ashagy-Goyniuk

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S. B. Ashurbeyli also suggested that the Khenuks correspond to the geniochs of Tacitus (Ashurbeyli, 1984, pp. 46-48).

28. Shig'py / Shilby (Shily, Shiba). Identification is difficult. A. A. Hakobyan suggested identifying shilbs with shichbs of Faust Buzand, since "shichby" instead of the correct "shilby" could have appeared as a result of a typo - due to the similarity in the spelling of the corresponding Armenian letters [Hakobyan, 1987, p.94].

29. Chig'by / Chilby (Hig'by) correspond to the sylvas of Pliny (Plin. Hist. Nat. 6.29: Silvi; in the Greek version of the book of Agathangel -).

30. Helas (Helai) are not mentioned in the lengthy version. Perhaps this ethnonym is borrowed from Ptolemy (Ptolem. 6.2.5;. see also: Strabo. 11.5.1; Plut. Pomp. 35), but the fact that Anania Shirakatsi's name "khelai" appears in the context of East Caucasian ethnonyms suggests that the Khels were also an East Caucasian tribe.

31. Casps. Apparently, this ethnonym is also borrowed from Ptolemy (Ptolem. 6.2.4), but it probably refers to the inhabitants of the Paitakaran region, which in Armenian sources was sometimes called Kasp 'k'.

32. Puiki or Pviki (Puhi). ST Eremyan drew attention to the fact that in Armenian sources lpins and chilbs are very often mentioned side by side - as in Pliny (Silva and Lupenia), and since in the long version puiks are named after chilbs, the latter should be hidden under lpins (Hakobyan, 1987, p.93). However, as can be seen from the table ,the" puhiks "of the long version correspond to the "puhiks" of the short version, and the correct reading is poohi, since Faust Buzand has pokhi/puhi, and Elishe has the region of Pyukuan/Pyukwan. But since Elisha also knows Lpiniya, then Pyukuan/Pyukvan cannot correspond to Lpinii, and, consequently, "puhi", as well as the "puiki" distorted by scribes, cannot correspond to lpin.

M. S. Gadzhiev drew my attention to the consonance of the ethnonym "pukhi" with the name of the Nakh ethnic group pho (phiŭ) "pkhovtsy" (from Nakhsk. phya "man") [see, for example, Suleymanov, 1976, p. 272]. He also pointed out that, according to Vakhushti Bagrationi, in ancient times the Pshava and Khevsuret gorges were called Pkhoeli (Vakhushti, 1904, p.100, 110). At the time of Vakhushti Bagrationi, the toponym Poeli was still preserved as the names of the village of Poeli (in Sighnaghi county) and Shua-n'ho (in Tionetu county), and Shua-n'ho means " middle (of the country) Pho" [Vakhushti, 1904, p. 110, note 364]. Comparison of these data allows us to presumably localize pukhov in Pshavo-Khevsuretia.

33. Shirvan as an ethnic name is not found in other sources; it is also absent in a lengthy version. However, based on the fact that the" Geography " does not mention the Lpin, and assuming that Ananias Shirakatsi could not have failed to mention them, it can be assumed that the ethnonym lpin was replaced by Shirvan, bearing in mind that by the VII century the region of Shirvan was formed on the territory of the settlement of the Lpin [Semenov, 2002, p. 9, 26; cf.: Hakobyan, 1987, p. 89].

34. Khsran is mentioned only in the short version, but in the long version the region of Khsrvan is mentioned, with which, undoubtedly, the ethnonym khsran is connected. SB. Ashurbeyli compared khsran and Khsrvan with the toponym Khorsvem, mentioned in the long version, and the ethnotoponym Hrsan, which appears in Elisha, as well as in medieval Arab-Persian sources (Khursan) [Ashurbeyli, 1984, p. 49]. However, it should be noted that the toponyms with the root khsr and with the root khors are mentioned by Anania Shirakatsi in the same phrase ("Shirvan and Khsrvan to Khorsvem"), and it can hardly be assumed that the author could have made a mistake here. This leads us to believe that Khsrvan and Khursan are two different toponyms, and if the first one is comparable to the name of the modern village of Qusary in the Republic of Azerbaijan [Semenov, 2002, p. 10], then the second one is comparable to the modern toponym Karasan, which is still preserved today-

page 32
beyond the region lying between the Gilginchay and Sumgait rivers [Yeremyan, 1941, p. 34; see also: Geybullaev, 1986, p. 143, ed. 159]. In other words, Khursan (=Karasan), forming the Caspian part of the Shirvan district, was located to the south of the Gilginchay long wall, and the Khsrvan district was located to the north of it.

35. Tavaspars are usually identified with the ancestors of modern Tabasarans (Tabasaran and Khiva districts of Dagestan). In medieval Arab-Persian sources, Tabasaran is referred to as Tabarsaran.

36. Khechmataks, or more precisely, Hechmataks, are sometimes localized in the area of the modern village of Khachmas in the north-east of the Republic of Azerbaijan [see, for example, Ashurbeyli, 1983, p. 19, 41].

37. Izh (a)mahi is localized by S. B. Ashurbeyli in the area of the city of Shamakhi in the Republic of Azerbaijan and in the southern part of Dagestan. She suggested that the ethnotoponym "Izh (a)mah" was deposited in the name of Shamakhi (Ashurbeyli, 1984, p. 50).

38. Paskhi is an unidentified ethnonym.

39. Poskhi / puskhi is an unidentified ethnonym.

40. Pyukonaki (Piconaki) is an unidentified ethnonym. S. B. Ashurbeyli supposedly suggests that the Piconaks are Pechenegs (Ashurbeyli, 1983, p. 18), but this is a misunderstanding, since the appearance of the Pechenegs in the Ciscaucasia dates back to the 9th century.

41. Bagan (Bakan) is located on the Absheron Peninsula. It is assumed that this ethnonym, formed with the help of the Iranian suffix-an, was deposited in the name of the city of Baku (Ashurbeyli, 1983, p. 19; Ashurbeyli, 1984, p. 51).

42. The Maskuts are localized in the territory of the later Muscat region, mentioned by medieval Arab-Persian authors. The modern name of Muscat is Mushkur (Minorsky, 1963, p. 110). Probably, the form of maskutk ' in Armenian sources corresponds to the form of Massaget (, Massagetae) of ancient authors, which may indicate that the Maskuts were nomads and spoke one of the Eastern Iranian languages. They settled in the Eastern Caucasus no later than the third century, since at the end of this century they are already mentioned in the inscription of Shahanshah Narse, compiled in 297 (Kasumova, 1983, p. 28).

In the Rumyantsev and St. Petersburg lists of "Derbend-nam", Muskur and Muscat are mentioned as neighboring, but different regions [Muhammad Awabi Aktashi, 1992, p. 95, comm. 56; p. 102, comm. 83]. In all the "Derbend-nam" Turkic lists, the areas lying to the north of the lower Samur are associated with the Alans: "Her people were brought from the Alans "(Muhammad Avabi Aktashi, 1992, pp. 45-46). From this it could be concluded that in the medieval era, the Muscat region could extend not only to the south, but also to the north of Samur. However, it should be taken into account that "Derbend-nameh" is a very late source (XVII century), and, in addition, an analysis of the data of Anania Shirakatsi leads to the conclusion that the Muscat region did not go beyond Samur in the north after all.

Anania Shirakatsi gives the location of the Maskut Country in the following context: first, the ethnonyms of the central part of the Caucasus Mountains are listed, and then it is mentioned that in the east the line of the Main Caucasian Ridge splits:

"Then the Caucasus is divided into two ridges.

One goes in a straight direction, enclosing Shirvan and Khsrvan to Horsvem.

Another ridge, releasing from itself the Arm River (named Armna above), flowing to the north and flowing into the Atl, goes to the northeast.

43 people live in it) Tavaspari, 44) Khechmataki, 45) Izhmakhi, 46) Paskhi, 47) Poskhi, 48) Pyukonaki, 49) Bagan, where the long Abzud-Kavad wall originates to the Alminon marshes (?) and to the sea.

To the north of this ridge lives a people of 50) Maskuts on the field of Vardanian (read: Vatnia) near the Caspian Sea. At this point, the ridge approaches the sea, where the wall of Derbent (which means connection and gate) of the city of Chor Pass, a great fortress built in the middle of the sea, is located.

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To the north (from Derbent), near the sea, is the 51st kingdom of the Huns..."[Patkanov, 1883, p. 30-31 (comments in parentheses by K. P. Patkanov; broken down into paragraphs my. - I. S.)].

This passage shows that the Armenian author was well acquainted not only with the ethnic, but also with the physical geography of the Eastern Caucasus. It would also imply that the field of Vardanians extended to Derbent, but this conclusion is premature, since the text of Ananias quoted is clearly defective. This can be seen, for example, from the fact that in reality the Bagan tribe and the Gilginchay long wall (Abzud-Kavad; on the identity of the Abzud-Kavad wall and the Gilginchay defense complex, see [Yeremyan, 1941, pp. 34-35; Mammadov, 1977, p. 100; Mammadov, 1993, p. 168; Khalilov, Koshkarly, Arazova 1991, p. 4]) were geographically connected not with the north-eastern, more precisely, eastern, branch of the Main Caucasian Ridge, where Ananias accurately localizes tavasparov (present-day). Tabasaran - Tabasaran and Khiva districts of Dagestan), and with the south-eastern one. In addition, Maskuts should also be placed to the north not from the north-eastern (eastern), but from the south-eastern branch of the Main Caucasian Ridge. This, in turn, leads to another conclusion: since the original text of Ananias Shirakatsi should have said that the Maskuts lived to the north ofthe south-eastern ridge, then the corresponding sentence could not have a logical connection with the words "In this place the ridge approaches the sea, where the Derbent wall is located...", since in the Derbent region another, north-eastern (eastern) massif of the Caucasus Mountains approaches the Caspian Sea.

Thus, the data of Anania Shirakatsi do not allow us to say that the Vardanian field extended north to Derbent. Most likely, the country of the Maskuts, identical with the Wat region, was still limited to Samur in the north. This conclusion also follows from the report of al-Balazuri that the Arab general Marwan ibn Muhammad, after defeating the Khazar army (737), settled the Khazar prisoners in the flat part of Lakz between Samur and Shabiran [Liber expugnationis regionum, 1866, p. 207-208]. Shabiran is a medieval city in the southern part of Muscat, and some sources mention Muscat and Shabiran together [Minorsky, 1963, p. 208 sl], so the clarification of D. M. Dunlop is very relevant: "the Khazars were settled between the Samur and Shabiran rivers" [Dunlop, 1954, p. 84-84, note 121]. This localization fully corresponds to the Country of the Maskuts, which in geographical terms was just the coastal plain adjacent to Lakz, enclosed between the mouths of the Samur and Bilbilchai.

43. The Kingdom of the Huns (Huns). A more accurate transliteration of this ethnonym is honk'; in this form it is also found in other Armenian sources - in the works of Agafangel, Faust Buzand, Elisha, Movses Khorenatsi, Lazar Parpetsi and later authors. Faust Buzand begins to mention the masons in connection with the events of the 30s of the IV century, and Agafangel even in connection with the events of the III century. In this connection, it should be noted that the point of view on the migration of a certain group of Huns to the Caucasus in the second century AD (see, for example: [Moravcsik, 1958, p. 236; Bernshtam, 1951, p. 135; Fedorov Ya. A., Fedorov G. S., 1978, p. 28, 47-48;Moravcsik, 1958, p. 236; Bernshtam, 1951, p. 135; Fedorov Ya. A., Fedorov G. S., 1978, p. 28, 47-48; Jafarov, 1985, p. 12-13; Gmyrya, 1993, p. 278, 282 sl.; Gmyrya, 1995, p. 9, 46]) is based on the localization in the North-Western Caspian region of" unnov " () by Dionysius Periegetes (Dionysius of Alexandria; wrote about 160 AD (Dionys. Per. § 760)), however, it is now firmly established that in the early lists of Dionysius ' "Land Description", Fins or mud () appear as inhabitants of this region(Maenchen-Helfen, 1973, p. 446; Dionysius of Alexandria, 2006, p. 240). Only in the later manuscripts of Dionysius ' work, instead of tins, are "unnas" () listed. In addition, the late commentator Eustathius pointed out that Dionysius Periegetes should be read instead (unny) [Dionysius of Alexandria, 2006, p. 240, comm. 236].

Of particular interest to this problem is the hypothesis of A. A. Hakobyan that in Dionysius Periegetes "unny" is an incorrect spelling of an ethnonym

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[Hakobyan, 1987, p. 39, ed. 12; p. 77, note 203]. K. V. Trever believed that the Khons were a Dagestani tribe and had nothing to do with the Huns who lived near the north-western borders of China (Trever, 1959, p.192-193). Without delving into this controversial issue, I will cite the point of view of M. I. Artamonov, which is shared by many experts: "Without excluding the possibility of the appearance of the Huns in the eastern part of the Pre-Caucasian steppe as early as the first half of the fourth century and even earlier, the first indubitable appearance of the Huns in the Caucasus should be attributed only to 395, when, having mastered the southern half of Eastern Europe, they still did not dare to move further west with all their forces" (Artamonov, 1962, p. 42].

If we accept this point of view, we can say that the Huns mentioned by Faust Buzand began to penetrate the Dagestan foothills no later than the first half of the IV century. They were not politically connected with the Huns of Balembert, who only crossed the Volga in 370 and launched attacks first on the Alans and then on the Goths. In this case, it becomes necessary to distinguish the Huns who moved from the Trans-Volga region to Central Europe in the 70s of the fourth century from those who appeared in Dagestan no later than the first half of the same century, and in order not to confuse both, it would be more convenient to call the latter the Dagestani Huns (L. B. Gmyrya calls them the Caspian Sea [Gmyrya, 1995, p. 23, 24, etc.]). It can be argued that the ethnonym honk ' in Armenian sources refers specifically to the Dagestani Huns and was only in some cases associated with political associations that included the Dagestani Huns.

In the table, "Huns" are mentioned twice: in the first case, surrounded by ethnonyms of the Central Caucasus (line # 14), and in the second case, on the territory of modern Dagestan. The explanation of this fact is as follows: G. D. Gumboy found that in all the manuscripts of the "Armenian Geography of the seventh century" the name of the Huns of Dagestan is transferred as honk', while the name of the Huns of the Central Caucasus is xonk' [Gumba, 1988, p. 5]; according to G. D. Gumba, the latter correspond to one of the Vainakh groups, which was localized by him in the valley of the Armkhi River and in the Chanta-Argun River gorge, called "Khona" by the Tushins (Gumba, 1987, pp. 93-94; Gumba, 1988, pp. 16-17).

44. Savirs are mentioned in many Byzantine sources. Being natives of Central Asia, they are no later than the first years of the VI century. They settled in the Northwestern Caspian region and were mentioned by Theophanes the Confessor as early as 517-518 [Chichurov, 1980, p. 49, note 51]. It is assumed that the attack of the "Huns" on Iran in 503, which is reported by Procopius of Caesarea (Procop. De bello Persico. 1.8.19), was also committed by Savirs [Jafarov, 1979, p. 163-1; Jafarov, 1985, p. 77]. Since that time, their attacks on the Sasanian State and the Byzantine Empire have become regular.

M. I. Artamonov suggested that the Kingdom of the Huns mentioned in the "Armenian Geography of the seventh century" was founded by Savirs who conquered the Dagestan foothills [Artamonov, 1962, p. 72, 183, 184; p. 69, note 1]. This assumption was supported by Ya. A. Fedorov and L. B. Gmyrya [Fedorov, 1972, p. 19, 23-24; Gmyrya, 1980, p. 1 sl.]. Yu. R. Jafarov suggests that the Savirs participated in the ethnogenesis of the population of the "Kingdom of the Huns" [Jafarov, 1985, p. 20]. However, it seems to me that the point of view of A. V. Gadlo, who believes that the Huns of the Caspian Dagestan are different from the Savirs, is closer to the truth [Gadlo, 1979, pp. 139, 142, 151-152].

"Armenian Geography of the seventh century" is the only source that contains quite specific data on the localization of Savirs, and its author clearly distinguished Savirs from Dagestani Huns: "To the north (from Derbent) near the sea is the Kingdom of Huns, in the west near the Caucasus the city of Huns, Varajan, as well as Chungars and Msndr (Semender). To the east, Savirs live as far as the Talta River (read: Atl), which separates Asian Sarmatia from Scythia... " [Patkanov, 1883, p. 31]. In this text, the river Atl, which separates Asian Sarmatia and Scythia, is the Volga, which Ptolemy considered to be eastern

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the border of Sarmatia. He has the Volga named Pa (Ptolem. 5.9.12). As for Ananias 'statement that the Savirs live to the east of the "Kingdom of the Huns", it seems at first glance erroneous, since from the east the Country of the Dagestani Huns (honk') adjoined the Caspian Sea. However, Ananias was well acquainted with the ethnic and political geography of the Caucasus, and it should not be assumed that he made a mistake here. The apparent misunderstanding can be explained by the fact that on the map of Ptolemy (the work of Ananias is a translation of his work), the outlines of the Caspian Sea are strongly distorted and have an elongation not in the meridian, but in the latitudinal direction. On this map, the mouth of the Volga (Ra) is really located to the east of the Land of the Elephants, but on modern maps, the Savirov region should be located in the northern part of the modern Republic of Dagestan-to the lower reaches of the Volga! Consequently, in the seventh century Savirs lived in the lower reaches of the Terek River together with the Khazars. Another important conclusion is that in the seventh century. Savirs and Khons represented two different ethnic groups, and the identification of them with each other, proposed by M. I. Artamonov, is erroneous [Semenov, 2001, pp. 63-66].

45. The Ghats are mentioned only in Faust Buzand. A consonant ethnonym - katishk '- is found in Elisha - in an episode about the preparation of the Iranian army for the battle on the Avarayr field in May 451: "And the Aparp detachment, [detachments] of Katshevs, Khons, Gels, as well as people from all the selected troops (Vasak Suni. - I. S.) concentrated in one place and he gave an order to the right wing of his army to be ready against the Armenian commander" [Yeghisha, 1971, p. 107 (my italics - I. S.)]. In the general list of East Caucasian tribes, whose detachments Vasak Suni attracted to his army, the Katshi (katišk') are not mentioned. If we assume that katišk' is the caducia of ancient authors [Aliev, 1989, p. 15, 16], and the caducia, according to Pliny, are the same gels [Plin. Hist. Nat. 6. 48], then the double mention of them in the same phrase in Elisha - under different names - looks somewhat strange.

It is possible, however, to assume that the Dalemites, inhabitants of the mountainous part of Gilan, are hiding under the katisk' at Elishe. However, M. S. Gadzhiev, while agreeing that the Katshi Elishe are the same Kadusians related to the Gels, believes that they lived not in the territory of modern Gilan, but in the coastal and foothill regions of Southern Dagestan and Northern Azerbaijan, and identifies them with the Khinalug people [Gadzhiev, 1982, p. 6; Gadzhiev, 1986, p. 10]. Comparison of the ethnonym katišk' with the self-name of modern Hinalug people kät is quite possible: the Hinalug people call their village Kätsh [Shaumyan, 1940, p. 183; Desheriev, 1959, p. 5, 7]. This, in turn, makes it possible to identify Favst Buzand's "gats" with katišk ' Elishe (Geybullaev, 1986, p. 179, ed. 140].

46. Gluars, based only on consonance, can be localized in the area of the modern village of Kilvar in the Khachmas region of Azerbaijan [Goybullayev, 1986, p. 184, note 106].

47. Gugary as an ethnonym is not found in other sources. Apparently, Faust Buzand meant by them the population of the Gugark region' (in Strabo - Gogaren's" Geography " (Strabo. 11.14.5)).

48. Balasichi is mentioned only in Faust Buzand. From other sources, the name of the Balasakan region, located near the Caspian Sea, near the mouth of the Kura River, is known.

49. Wat is identified by A. A. Hakobyan with the Faust Buzand ghats [Hakobyan, 1987, p.94], but this point of view is not argued by him in any way. In my opinion, Wat is most likely one of the forms of the name" Vatnean (Vatneay) fields " (in Anania Shirakatsi - Vardanean), which appears in Armenian sources as the place of death of Gregory, the grandson of Gregory the Illuminator. Apparently, Wat (Vatnenan) was the name of the Country of the Maskuts, or, less likely, the name of some part of it.

50. Gav-G. A. Goybullayev is compared with the name of the Govdushan plain in the Khachmas region of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Goybullayev, 1986, p. 133, note 51).

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51. Khursan-as already mentioned, corresponds to the Khursan region of medieval Arab-Persian sources. It is located near the coast of the Caspian Sea, between the Gilginchay and Sumgait rivers.

52. Khibiovan - according to A. A. Hakobyan, Paskh, Poskh and Pyukvan are united under this name, since Elisha omits these three ethnotoponyms in one of the lists of Caucasian tribes and gives the name Khibiovan instead [Hakobyan, 1987, p. 92, note. 270].

In conclusion, I would like to note that the above principle of comparing the data of the "Armenian Geography of the seventh century" on East Caucasian ethnonyms can also be applied to other groups of Caucasian ethnonyms and thus reasonably clarify their reading and localization.

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