Where chronicles and historical monuments are silent, one word begins to speak; where sagas are silent, proper names begin to tell.

M. Y. Moroshkin. Slavic Namesake, or a collection of Slavic personal names in alphabetical order. St. Petersburg, 1867

Of particular interest to contemporaries is the origin of rare and sometimes unique surnames: they primarily reflect the rich history, being a kind of cultural monuments of the people. In this article, we present the history of the origin and existence of some of them that are currently attested in the territory of the Smolensk region and are not found in other onomastic sources. Perhaps the reader will notice the existence of these names in other regions, but, undoubtedly, also in isolated cases. In our opinion, such surnames should become a kind of decoration of the future Dictionary of Russian Surnames.

Birlin. The only old Smolensk nickname is attested at the beginning of the XVII century: Ofonaska Ostafev nicknames Birlo (Gauthier Yu. V. Monuments of defense of Smolensk 1609-1611, Moscow, 1912). The root bir-may have the meaning "take", and the suffix-l-

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points to the face. In this case, the semantics of the old nickname that formed the basis of the modern surname are quite transparent: "taking", "raking in everything for yourself". It is interesting that in modern Smolensk dialects there is a very similar nickname of Birla "about a greedy, tight-fisted, stingy person", which, as we believe, indicates the continuity of old non-Christian names and modern nicknames.

Boitorin. In the Smolensk monuments of writing, under the year 1683, "starostishko dvorovaya of the Belsky district Nikifork Boitora" is recorded (Smolensk Historical Museum; hereinafter-SIM). The anthroponym has not yet been found anywhere else.

To explain the semantics of the old nickname, we will refer to the indications of Russian dialects, since the appellative was not identified during the period under review. In Dahl, we find the verb to be afraid "to act decisively" without specifying the place (Dahl V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the living Great Russian language, Vol. I). In modern Vologda dialects, there is a word butora "one who speaks a lot, quickly and stupidly" (Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, L., 1968. Issue 3; further - SRNG). Yu. I. Chaikina fixes the nickname Butora in Vologda sources (Chaikina Yu.I. History of Vologda surnames. Vologda, 1989). In Smolensk dialects, the original word is not marked (Dictionary of Smolensk dialects. Smolensk, 1974. Issue 1; further-SSG). But among the modern Smolensk nicknames we meet the nickname Batbra " stupid man "( d. Prudki Pochinkovsky district). Thus, we can see that the narrow-dialect nickname that gave rise to the modern surname has a correspondence in the northern dialects.

Bukoltov. Most likely, the surname is already mentioned for the first time in one of the Smolensk texts of the end of the XVII century:"...Bukoltov's estate in Vyazemsky Uyezd " (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts;

further - RGADA). In our opinion, the anthroponym is regional, since nowhere else in this variant is it attested by sources.

The meaning of the base also helps to determine the modern nickname noted in the Pochinkovsky district: Bukbltische "fat, clumsy person" (we will point out in passing that the suffix-isch - in the anthroponym has the meaning of strengthening the sign). We also identified another similar nickname: Bukbltya "fat man" (Golynki village, Rudnyansky district). The semantics of modern nicknames helps to determine the meaning of a possible old nickname Bukolt, on the basis of which a modern interesting surname is formed.

In the same source, another rare surname is noted - Burimoe, which is still attested on the territory of the Smolensk region: Vyazemsky voivode Andreyan Afonasyevich Burimoe (RGADA). It is formed from the basis of a possible, but not yet identified in the sources of the name Burim. The name is most likely of Tatar (or Turkic) origin (compare the model with the suffix-im: Karim, Kudim, Muslim and

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etc.). However, we should assume another version of the origin of the surname.

So, in Dahl we find the verb to drill "to throw, to throw" with the mark "western" (Dahl. T. I). In modern Russian dialects, the range of meanings of the word has expanded: 1) beat the key (Sverdlovsk); 2) pour over the edge (Perm, Simbirsk, Kurgan), 3) scold (Sverdlovsk), 4) urinate without asking (Pskov, Tver, Smolensk). - (SRNG. Issue 3). Perhaps the latter meaning was realized in the semantics of the old nickname that gave rise to the surname: Burim "a person suffering from urinary incontinence".

Byzlov, Byzlovsky. A rare old nickname we met in the materials of Yu. V. Gauthier: Stepan Byzlo, a Cossack man in Smolensk. Only once the anthroponym Byzlo was attested by M. Ya.Grynblat in Old Belarusian sources; the researcher attributed the name to the number of 3% of anthroponyms with unclear etymology (Grynblat M. Ya. Anamastyka yak krynscha vyvuchennya pstorp I etnagrafi belaruskaga naroda (on materyalyakh belarusk1x prozv1shchau) // Materyaly da IV M1zhnarodnaga z'ezda slavyutau. Mshsk, 1958).

How to determine the meaning of the old nickname that gave the basis to modern surnames?

Perhaps the semantics of the anthroponym is close to the Vologda bizun "shameless philanderer" (Dal. T. I). Later, this word in the Vologda territory acquired another meaning "brawler, bully" (SRNG. Issue 3). The old nickname name and dialect nouns share the common root byz -( the suffix of names-l-was, as we have already noted, it is typical for anthroponyms).

However, it is possible that similar lexemes also existed in the Smolensk region. This is evidenced by the modern Smolensk nickname Bizik "hapless boyfriend" (Pochinkovsky district). In this case, the accuracy of determining the meaning of an old non-Christian name increases.

Voroguishn. The nickname Vorogusha was first mentioned in Smolensk sources at the end of the XVI century: ... peasant, nickname Vorogusha (Boldin's supply and expenditure books of the Dorogobuzhsky Monastery. 1591 / / Russian Historical Library. Petrograd, 1923. Vol. 37. Part 2; further-RIB). Only once more in the Old Russian monuments of writing notes the fixation of the anthroponym N. M. Tupikov: he witnessed Voroguishn Savka, Tobolsk Sagittarius, 1668 (Tupikov N. M. Dictionary of Old Russian personal proper names, St. Petersburg, 1903). As you can see, the time of fixing in places of secondary settlement is later.

The appellative was not identified in the Old Russian language. Only Russian dialects help determine the semantics of the basis. So, in the Smolensk dialects vorogusha "fever "(Dobrovolsky V. N. Smolensk regional dictionary. Smolensk, 1914), "the enemy, the evil spirit" (SSG. Vol. 2). On

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on Russian territory the word vorogusha has other meanings: 1) sorceress (Olonets), 2) matchmaker (Arkhangelsk), 3) blizzard with a hurricane (Kaluga) - (SRNG. Issue 5). But, in our opinion, the old local nickname realized the negative meaning of "enemy, evil spirit", especially since the lexeme enemy {vorog} Undoubtedly, it formed the basis of the anthroponym (the suffix-ush-was common for names-cf. Bogusha, Dorogusha, etc.), is well known to the Old Russian and Old Russian language (Dictionary of the Russian language of the XI-XVII centuries, Moscow, 1976. Issue 3; further - SLRYA XI-XVII centuries).

Gaida, Gaidin, Gaido. The basis of these modern surnames is the old nickname of Hyde, identified by us at the end of the XVII century:

Gaida Fedyunin, Vyazma philistine (SIM).

Nowhere else in the Russian territory is the anthroponym attested in historical sources. Currently, the nickname Gaida is noted in the Kursk dialects, but its etymology is not clear (SRNG. Vyi. 6). By the way, Dahl presents the verb gaidat "stagger" with the mark "southern, Kursk" (Dal. T. I). The lexeme of the guide is found in his dictionary with the meaning "go, go" and with an indication of Tatar origin (ibid.).

However, it should be noted that outside the Russian territory, the anthroponym Gaida is attested in Old Ukrainian sources of the XVI-XVII centuries. The Ukrainian anthroponymist Yu. K. Redko points out its Turkic origin: haydi "easy, free" (Redko Yu. K. Suchasni ukrainski prizvishchi. Киiв, 1966). The name is also found in Old Belarusian written monuments, but its semantics are interpreted differently: 1) figurative "bad man" from the Ukrainian guide "flute", "shepherd's pipe"; 2) figurative "bad man" - from the Polish "pipe", "dudar" (B1ryla M. V. Belorusskaya antrapanimiya. Mshsk. 1969. Part II).

We also want to offer our own explanation of the semantics of the old nickname that gave rise to rare surnames. In the Smolensk dialects, there is a word guide "tall woman", "sloppy woman" (SSG. Issue 3). Perhaps we should keep in mind the generic reinterpretation of the anthroponym. One thing is certain - the old nickname was local and had a south-western area.

Dezhin, Dezhkin. At the beginning of the XVII century, non-Christian nicknames Dezha and Dezhka were common in the territory of the Smolensk Region. So, in Y. V. Gauthier we find mention of Dezha Fedorov, Dezhka Semenov, Dezhina Nastya, Marya Dezhkina. However, it was not possible to determine that they were members of the same family.

Immediately note that in other Russian territories the name is marked only once (Zakazchikova T. A. Russkaya antroponimiya XVI-XVII vv. Moscow, 1979. Dictionary of the candidate's thesis). But the nickname is very active in the Old Belarusian sources of the XVI-XVII centuries: Dezhka Eskovich Zhorov, 1578; Dzeshka Petrok, 1614; Dezha

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Astapovich, 1618 and others (B1ryla M. V.: Belorusskaya antrapashmiya. Mshsk, 1969. Part II; Belorusskaya antrapashmiya [Belarusian anthrapashmia]. Mshsk, 1966. Part 1).

The appellative was the Old Russian nouns dezha, dezhka "kvashnya", which in the XVI-XVIII centuries were recorded only in two regions of the Moscow state - in Voronezh and Smolensk (SLRYA XI - XVII centuries. Issue 4). Naturally, they were local. And now the words are actively used in the Smolensk region, and the range of meanings has expanded: 1) sauerkraut, 2) barrel, tub, 3) the amount of contents of the tub (SSG. Vy. 3). The suffix-k-has acquired a diminutive meaning that it didn't have before. The range of words has also expanded: This is the western region of Russia, Tambov and Nizhny Novgorod dialects (Dal. Vol. I).

Dudolad. Perhaps the unique surname was mentioned in the materials of the Roslavl Registry Office of the Smolensk region. It is based on an old nickname, attested by Yu. V. Gauthier: Fyodor Petrov nicknames Dudolat. You can see the stun expressed in the letter.

The nickname Dudolad, the surname Dudoladov, in addition to Smolensk, is found only in the north-western monuments of writing:

Dudolad Afanasy, Belevsky peasant (Veselovsky S. B. Onomastics, Moscow, 1974); Yushko Dudoladov, Solvychegodsky peasant (Tupikov. Edict. op.).

The appellative dudolad was not found in the Old Russian language. We find it in Dahl: dudolad "dudar" (Vol. I). The area is emphasized by modern dialects: this is Penza, Saratov (SRNG. Issue 8). But it is possible that the semantics of the anthroponym are somewhat different: dudolad "drinker "(compare dudolit: 1-suck, 2-drink a lot; the word is attested in Kaluga, Tula, Smolensk and some other dialects; SRNG. Issue 8).

Domracheyev. S. B. Veselovsky records the nickname Domrachey and the surname Domrachey in the Novgorod and Zvenigorod written monuments of the XVI century. It also explains the semantics of the name: Domrachey {domrachey "domra player "(Veselovsky. Edict. op.). We supplement the materials of S. B. Veselovsky with the Smolensk example of the beginning of the XVII century: Boriska Domracheyev, a Smolyanin, is attested by Gauthier.

In our opinion, the anthroponyms were local. The words domra "musical instrument", domrachey "domra player", and the adjective domryanoy were used only in Novgorod and in the North (Domrya XI-XVII centuries Issue 4). However, V. I. Dahl (Vol. I) believed that domra was known among many Slavic peoples, previously it was even a wind instrument (cf. blow). However, the word was not found in either the Belarusian or Ukrainian languages of the period under review. It is not found in the Smolensk monuments of writing either. Perhaps the tool was still not popular in all territories. It is interesting that the very basis of domr in proper names is attested earlier than in the appellative vocabulary of the historical dictionary.

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Erin. The nickname Erya came across in one of the texts

XVII century: ... the land of Yeri Stankevich (RGADA). Earlier fixations are found in Novgorod sources in the dictionary of N. M. Tupikov: Yakushka Erin, 1495 (Tupikov. Edict. op.). In the Smolensk monuments of writing in the XVIII century, we find mention of Erins twice more-under the years 1723 and 1765 (SIM).

It can be assumed that the appellative was the word epa "grass", noted in one of the herbalists of the XVII century (SLRYA XI-XVII centuries Issue 5). However, in our opinion, the appellative epa, epa "dissolute person" seems more reliable (Dal.Vol. I; cf. the verb ernichat). The area of lexemes ' existence is the Vyatka dialects.

In Old Belarusian sources, the nickname Epa is attested several times and is considered a colloquial form of the name George (B1ryla M. V. Belorusskaya antrapashmiya).

Eropkin. A rare and somewhat funny surname is considered by us based on the materials of S. B. Veselovsky and on our research.

In 1445, the Lithuanians captured Stepan Eropka from the family of Smolensk princes. This Eropka lived in Lithuania for some time, and then returned to Russia. From him came the Eropkins, who initially lived for a long time in the Smolensk Region (Veselovsky. Edict. op.). We are in the XVII and

The existence of the family nickname or surname Eropkin in the documents of Vyazma (SIM) was attested in the XVIII centuries, which confirms the residence of the Eropkins in the Smolensk region.

It is possible that the name Eropka is a Western Russian version of the name Yerofey. But, perhaps, the basis is dialectal: in Dahl we find the word epo-pa "swaggering, puffed-up person", known to Tula dialects (vol. I). The verb eropit "to swagger"is also presented there. Even now, the lexemes are known to Tula dialects (SRNG, Issue 9).

We have considered only a few rare surnames that currently exist in the Smolensk region. But, of course, they can also occur in other places.

Smolensk

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