One of the poorly developed problems of the history of Eastern Europe is the study of the fate of the Khazars after the campaign of Svyatoslav. In particular, it is important to answer the question of what the Lower Volga region (Saksin) was like.

Keywords: Lower Volga region (Saksin), Khazars, Svyatoslav's campaigns, Khazar Khaganate.

According to O. Bubenko, the Oghuz people appeared in the middle of the tenth century in the Don region and in the North Caucasus. The Oghuz people reached the north-eastern foothills of the Caucasus and displaced the Alano-Bulgar population (Bubenok, 2008, p. 63; Fedorov and Fedorov, 1978, pp. 217-225, 240-244). According to E. Kruglov, until the middle of the tenth century, the Oguz and Khazars were united by the anti-Pecheneg alliance. The Khazars did not build fortifications on the borders with the Oguz and allowed them to roam on the right bank of the Volga (Kruglov, 2003: 27-29, 49-58). Giuansher Giuansheriani recorded the retreat of the" Pachaniks "to the west under the pressure of the"Turks". This ethnonym referred to the Oghuz-Torks (Djuansher Djuansheriani, 1986, part I). The Oghuzs forced some of the Pechenegs to accept Khazar rule. This group of Pechenegs was called "Khazar Pechenegs". The Oguz-Pecheneg garrison was located in Sarkel [Artamonov, 2001, pp. 414-419, 423-424; Garustovich and Ivanov, 2001, p. 113; Hudud al-Alam, 1937, ch. 47, comm.].

When Prince Svyatoslav ruled in Russia, the Oghuz people became enemies of the Khazars and reoriented themselves to Russia. Ibn Haukal reported that the Rus ravaged the Bulgars, Khazaran, Itil, Semender, but Ibn Mishawayh pointed out that before converting to Islam, the Khazars were attacked by the Turks. Al-Muqaddasi mentioned that the Rus attacked Khazaria when it was already liberated by the Khwarezmians. Ibn al-Asir reported that the Turks attacked the Khazars [Artamonov, 2001, p. 589; Kalinina, 1976; Agadzhanov, 1969, p. 149-150; Novoseltsev, 1990, p.222]. The chronicler Nestor did not report on the advance of the Rus east of Sarkel. The victory over the Kasogs (Circassians) and Yases (Don Alans) could have occurred in the vicinity of Samkerts (Tmutarakani) and Belaya Vezha (Sarkel) [PVL; Bshetsky, 2008, pp. 23-30; Kalinina, 1976; Hudud al-Alam, 1937, ch. 50, note]. Yakov Mnikh wrote that Prince Vladimir made a campaign against the Khazars and imposed a tribute on them. Thus, Svyatoslav's campaigns did not lead to the fall of the Khazar Khaganate, but only weakened it. Muslim influence increased on the Lower Volga. According to Ibn Mishawayh and Ibn al-Asir, the Turks (Oghuz) were forced to retreat by the Muslims. Egu was also informed by ad-Dimashki. According to him, the Muslim army from Khorasan defeated the Turks. Al-Muqaddasi reported on the help of the Khazars of the ruler of Jurjania (Khorezm). Under the pressure of their Muslim neighbors, the Khazars were forced to convert to Islam (Artamonov, 2001: 589, 594-595; Novoseltsev, 1990: 222).

If the Khazars were finally defeated by Svyatoslav, what would be the point of Vladimir's campaign? Interestingly, it was under Vladimir that the Russ made an attempt to assert their influence on the Volga, but faced opposition from the Volga Bulgars. The Rus took control of Sarkel and Samkerz, but failed to establish themselves on the Volga. First

clashes between the Rus and the Oghuz Turks occurred only in the 50s of the XI century, when the expansion of the Kipchaks forced the latter to retreat to the north and west. Another direction of the Oghuz retreat was the southeast. Munedjimbashi reported that in 1064, refugees from the Khazar country arrived to Qakhtan. Obviously, they were forced to retreat under the pressure of the Oghuzs, who, in turn, were pushed back by the Kipchaks [Artamonov, 2001, p. 594-595; Novoseltsev, 1990, p. 231-232]. A. P. Novoseltsev suggested that the Khazar state existed even after the invasion of the Rus and Oghuz Torks [Novoseltsev, 1990, p. 227], In the XI century, it was a vassal of the Khorezmians (Artamonov, 2001: 591-592).

The expansion of the Kipchaks brought changes to the ethnic map of Eastern Europe. True, fragmentary and fantastic data have been preserved about their settlement. Muslikhitin Lari reported a folklore version of the settlement of the Kipchaks. According to him, they settled in the steppe during the reign of Kara Khan and the steppe became known as Desht-i-Kipchak. The Kipchaks then occupied Bab al-Abwab (Derbent Gate), and from that time it became known as the Gate of the Turks. Kankly (kangly) became the gatekeepers (Kirzioglu, 1992, p. 10-11). The first reliable references to their presence in the North Caucasus are found only in Georgian sources of the 12th century. According to the "Life of the King of Kings David", the Georgians and Kipchaks of Atrak fought against the "Derbent Kipchaks" and Laks (Lakzov, Lezgin) [Anchabadze, 1960, p. 118]. They were first mentioned in 1123 or 1124 (Anchabadze, 1960, p. 118; Gokbel, 2002, p. 650). The Kipchaks of Otrok (son of the khan of the Donetsk Kipchaks Sharukan) pushed aside the "Derbent Kipchaks" in the first quarter of the 12th century. However, the steppes on the western coast of the Caspian Sea continued to be ruled by the "Derbent Kipchaks". Russian Prince Yuri (son of Andrey Bogolyubsky) was hiding from his uncle Vsevolod "Big Nest" (Savalata of Georgian sources) in the town of Khan Sevenja (Sevincha) on the Sunzha River. Sunzha was known to Russians as Seventz [Istoriya i praising the Crowned Ones, 1954, ch. XVII; Osinyan, 2005, p. 14]. In any case, the Kipchak expansion was likely to finally lead to the fall of the Khazar state. In its place in the Volga Delta appeared Saksin.

There are numerous references to this country. The Hungarian Dominican monk Julian reported that the Mongols conquered the kingdom of Sassia (Anninsky, 1940, p. 85). The author of the Lavrentiev Chronicle reported that in 1229 the Saxons and Polovtsians sought protection from the Volga Bulgars [Lavrentievskaya..., 1962, p. 453]. As noted by a Mongolian anonymous chronicler, Subedei met with resistance from the peoples of Eastern Europe, among which the Sesut people was mentioned [Innermost Legend, 2002, p. 146, 148]. Rashid ad-Din reported that Ogedei sent an army against the Saxons and Bulgars [Rashid ad-Din, 1960, pp. 20-21]. Wassaf, Hamdallah Qazvini, and an anonymous author reported that Genghis Khan gave the lands of Bulgar and Saksin to his eldest son Tushi (Jochi) [Tizenhausen, 1941, p.80, 91, 204]. It seems that the Saksin is not a people or a tribe, but a political and territorial community (Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, p. 259-261). It is interesting that Saksin was of interest to the Anushteginids and Yemeks, who made attempts to master it, but the Saksins managed to maintain their independence until the era of the Mongol conquests (Agadzhanov, 1969, p. 4). 162]. Najib Hamadani and Ahmad al-Tusi called the Lower Volga region Saksin and reported that it was attacked by Kipchaks. No source indicates that Saksin was part of Desht-i-Kipchak (Fedorov-Davydov, 1969; Pelliot, 1949, p. 165-173).

Saxin was the name of the Lower Volga region. In the Khazar era, there were several cities located there. N. Gareeva interprets the name of the city as Sar's,or Sar's.n, as Saksin [Ibn Ruste, 2006, p. 701, ed. 213; Marwazi, 2006, p. 708, ed. 237]. V. Minorsky believed that the city had the name Sar'sh.n i corresponded to the mysterious Saxin. He suggested two etymologies of the name. One of them is Sarichin-Yellow Island. The second etymology is Sari-sin (Yellow Grave). V. Minorsky suggested that the Turkic Sarigh (yellow) corresponds to the Arabic al-Bayda (white). Sarashen (Sarygshin), in his opinion, should have been one of the parts of Itil [Hudud al-Alam, 1937, ch. 50, Comments;

Golden, 1980, p. 237-239]. B. Zahoder believed that Sarg'sh is identical to Sarkel [Zahoder, 1962, p. 192]. According to F. To Westberg and I. Markwart, Saxin is identical to Ithil [Koestler, 2001, ed. editor's note 117]. One of the main cities of the Khazars was Sar'sh. n. Also in the Lower Volga region, the city of Khan-balyk (Khan-balyk) was mentioned. Tahir al-Marwazi called Sar'sh.Al-Istahri and Ibn Haukal reported on Itil and Khazaran (Khab-Balik) [Ibn Rust, 2006, p. 701; Marwazi, 2006, p. 708; al-Istahri-Ibn Haukal, 2006, p. 747; Golden, 1980, p. 237].

The information of his contemporaries, Mahmoud al-Kashgari and Abu Hamid al-Garnati, is very important. Mahmud al-Kashgari localized Saksin near the possessions of the Kipchaks and Volga Bulgars. Saksin is known specifically as Saksin, and not Sar's or Sar'sh. n [Kumekov, 2006, p. 473]. Abu Hamid al-Garnati personally visited Sajsin. He left a vivid description of the country and city he visited. According to an Arab traveler, it was a forty-day journey from Sajsin to Bulgar (Garnati, 1971). According to Ibn Isfendiyar, Saksin supported trade with Amol in the Amu Darya (Koestler, 2001, ed. editor's note 117]. Ahmad al-Tusi reported that Saksin is located near the Itil River. Zakariya al-Qazvini believed that Saksin was 40 days ' journey from Bulgar. Yakut localized it near the Tabaristan (Caspian) Sea. According to Abu'l-Fida, the coordinates of Saksin are 67° longitude and 53° latitude. Abu'l-Fida, referring to Kitab al-Atwal, located Saksin much further east. Its coordinates are 162 ° 30' longitude and 40° 50' latitude [Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, pp. 254-255]. The coordinates of Abu'l-Fida from the work of Ibn Said connect Saksin with Suwar. According to Nasir al-Din Tu'ei and Hamdallah Qazwini, the coordinates of Saksin are 86° 30' longitude and 43° latitude. Saksin was located significantly south of Bulgar and slightly south of Itil. Hamdallah Qazvini's information is confusing. He reports that Saksin and Bulgar are small towns in the sixth climate and that they are located 32° from Mecca. G. A. Fedorov-Davydov considered the localization of al-Garnati and Zakariya al-Qazvini more plausible [Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, p. 256]. E. Kruglov characterizes the population of the Caspian steppes as a torc-like population.pechenegskoe lake [Kruglov, 2003, pp. 16-21, 56-58]. On the Lower Volga, the Oguz became part of a new association - Saksina (Garnati, 1971).

During his stay in Saksin, Al-Garnati noted that Khazars, Oghuzs, Bulgars, and Suwars lived in the city (Garnati, 1971). Saksin maintained close relations with Volga Bulgaria in the economic and spiritual spheres. Al-Garnati described the population of Saxin as Muslims, which partially coincides with the description of Summerkent by Wilhelm Rubruk, who mentioned Muslims in addition to Alan Christians in this city [Giovanni..., 1957, p. 185; Garnati, 1971]. Even in the Khazar era, a part of the population of the capital of Khazaria professed Islam, in particular, it was the guards of al-arsiy [Pritsak, Golb, 2003, p. 167—169]. Wilhelm Rubruk called the Volga Bulgars, Suvar, Khazars, and Oguz Saracens (Giovanni..., 1957, p. 185; Garnati, 1971). Al-Garnati noted that each of the ethnic groups of the Saksin population had its own quarter and mosque (Garnati, 1971). Abu Hamid al-Garnati and Zakariya al-Qazwini reported that several dozen Oghuz families lived in Saksin (Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, p. 254; Garnati, 1971). Among its population, they also mention Khazars, Suvars, and Volga Bulgars [Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, p. 254; Gockenjan and Sweeney, 1985, p. 114-115]. F. Vestberg believed that the city's population was exclusively Khazars, while J. Markwart believed that Saksin was a multiethnic city [Koestler, 2011, approx. 117; Markwart, 2002). X. Gokenjan reported that Oghuz people lived in Saksin (Goockenjan and Sweeney, 1985, p. 115, p. 17). S. G. Agadzhanov also held the same point of view [Agadzhanov, 1969, pp. 161-162].

A number of researchers believe that Saksin was a part of Desht-i-Kipchak. G. A. Fedorov-Davydov assumed that the Lower Volga Kipchaks were hiding under the name Saksin (Fedorov-Davydov, 1969, pp. 253-261). This point of view was also adopted by S. A. Pletneva [Pletneva, 1990, pp. 116-117]. It should be noted that in the Lower Volga region there is a group of Kipchak "Tsarevsky mounds". Kipchaks were nomadic in the Volga region, but the question of their role in the region remains open. Tsarevsky mounds are close to the monuments of Kipchaks

Eastern Europe [Ivanov, 2006, p. 501]. It can be assumed that some Kipchak tribes supported the Saxons, while others were at enmity with them. Perhaps the Eastern European Kipchaks were allies of the Saxins against the Yemeks.

According to D. V. Vasiliev, the ceramics that researchers used to interpret as Pecheneg-Oguz ceramics belonged to the descendants of the population of the Dzhetyasar culture, which included both Pechenegs and Oguzes. This population may have moved to the Volga Delta together with the Oguz people [Vasiliev, Grechkina, and Zilivinskaya 2003, pp. 106-107, 111-112, 117-118]. In addition to the Oghuzs, Bulgars lived in Saksin. Abu Hamid al-Garnati mentioned suwars in Sajsin. It is not entirely clear whether they came from Suvar or the local population. It should be noted that the Bulgars came to the Middle Volga from the territory of the North Caucasus. Their relocation was due to Arab pressure. It is possible that part of the Suvars did not move to the north. The Khazar-Jewish correspondence mentioned the s-v-r people, who were subject to the Khazar ruler Joseph. These, of course, are not Slavs-Northerners, since the Slavs are referred to in the broad version of this document as S-l-viyun. Ibn Khurdadbeh mentioned the country of Suvar to the north of Derbent. M. I. Artamonov identified this country with the land of Khamzin in the" land of the Huns "of Dagestan. Ya. A. Fedorov assumed that Suvar is another name for the" country of the Huns " [Gmyrya, 2006, pp. 75, 77; Garnati, 1971; Kokovtsev, 1932, reply letter of the Khazar King Joseph; Zimonyi, 2007].

It is difficult to identify the Saxins with any one people. The city's population was also not monoconfessional. In addition to Muslims, there were also Christians-ola/sh [Giovanni..., 1957, p.185]. This is similar to the data on the population of the Lower Volga region of the Khazar era, when Christians, Jews and pagans lived in the region along with Muslims. However, the Jewish community was forced to convert to Islam after the Oghuz invasion [Vasiliev, 2006: 22-28; Artamonov, 2001: 589, 594-595].

The cities of Saksin were concentrated in the Volga Delta region. D. V. Vasiliev believes that Summerkent is not a Samosdel settlement. A large settlement was the Moshaik settlement. According to the reconstruction of G. A. Fedorov-Davydov, Rubruk reached this city by crossing the Buzan, Kartuba, and Bolda rivers. D. V. Vasiliev suggests that the route of Rubruk was different: Buzan, Straight Kartuba, White Irmen, Babinsky River, Rycha River, Beaver River, Perekatny River, Sennoy River, Volga River. The researcher came to the conclusion that the identification of Summerkent with any one ancient settlement remains open [Vasiliev, 2011, pp. 68-70]. From Summerkent, going up the Volga River, one could get to Volga Bulgaria (Garnati, 1971; Giovanni..., 1957, p.185). Saksin as a region also existed during the existence of the Jochi Ulus. But part of its territory was flooded by 1360, and the flooding of the region began in the 30s of the XIV century. [Vasiliev, Grechkina, and Zilivinskaya, 2003, pp. 118-119; Vasiliev, 2006]. It is logical to assume that not the entire region was flooded, but only its main city [Giovanni..., 1957, p. 185].

Svyatoslav's campaign did not lead to the death of the Khazar Khaganate, but it significantly weakened it. The Oghuz occupied the steppe expanses, and the Alan-Bulgar population was forced to retreat to the foothills of the Caucasus. The Khazars continued to control the Volga Delta with the help of neighboring Muslim states. This aid cost the Khazars the conversion to Islam. In the Lower Volga region, there was a significant percentage of the Oguz population. In the X1-X3 centuries, the Khazars formed only one of the communities of the multiethnic Saksin. Saksin can be considered as the legal successor of the Khazar Itil, but unlike it, the material culture of the region was not so diverse. The majority of the population was Muslim by religious affiliation, although there were also Alani Christians in the cities of Saksin. The ethnic composition of the region's population remained polyethnic. Among the ethnic groups that inhabited Saksin were the Oghuz, Bulgars, Suvar, Khazars, and Alans. Saksin is primarily a territorial and political identity, a region separate from Desht-i-Kynchak.

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