Libmonster ID: MD-1374
Author(s) of the publication: Z. D. YASMAN

A significant contribution to the development of agricultural education in Russia was made by the Agricultural School of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSH), which emerged in 1822 and developed from the very beginning as an all-family school. According to our calculations, 730 people graduated from its full course from 1827 (the first issue) to 1860, and from 1861 to 1881 - another 564 graduates. Many of them were of peasant origin. But the documents of not all students survived, and only from the 1850s. It was possible to identify materials about 531 pets of the school, among them 121 came from peasants, including 39 serfs (before 1861).

Serf graduates of the school received a graduation certificate without any real rights. After the extension in 1850 of the rights of graduates of the Agricultural School at the Gorygoretsky Institute to free graduates of the school (the titles of scientific administrators and honorary citizens, exemption from taxes and conscription), graduates of previous years who became freedmen began to apply to the school for such certificates.

Here is one of these petitioners - Alexey Borisovich Demkin, who studied at the school from 1822 to 1827, a former serf Prince. Baryatinsky: in the" many-sided service " on the vast patrimony of the owner, he led

page 168

"various occupations: clerk, land surveyor, architectural, teacher, agricultural and commission agent" from 1830 to 1853 with a three-year break, when, working in the Kursk patrimony, he managed an estate near Odessa in 28 thousand desyatins. "Here I arranged on an extensive scale correct farming; raised merino sheep breeding to 19 thousand heads, herds of horses and cattle; in the arid naked steppe I made artificial reservoirs and prevented the" lack " of watering; planted two large gardens and planted plantations of wild trees; built a school and, having put the whole economy in order, handed over the estate as comfortable as possible." Having received a free license after 1853 and becoming an Odessa merchant of the 3rd guild, Demkin asked the school to get him an honorary citizen's certificate. But he was refused, because he graduated from this institution before the introduction of rights in 18501 .

For an agronomist from the serfs, "free" was a blessing, but getting it depended on the owner's desire. Thus, having recognized the merits of his serf, a graduate of the agricultural school in 1841. Count Wolkenstein informed the school of Daniil Savenkov, who managed his Tula estate for 10 years: in 1851, he gave him a vacation "as a reward for his honesty, loyalty and excellent management of the estate, so that without ruining the peasants, he doubled his income" 2 .

Very eloquent is the testimony of a graduate of 1857, a freedman T. I. Vesnin, who asked in 1870 to give him the title of scientific administrator: "Let me remind the management and the school that they were well aware that when they brought me up and developed a sense of human dignity and integrity, I was a slave in the full meaning of the word, who not only did not have the opportunity to manage the household in such a way that someone would witness it, but did not even have civil rights... I would like to remind my former teachers, whose noble seeds were not lost, that the wounds from the chains of slavery are still too strong, too palpable even at the present time"; the former teachers were addressed by "a person who was developed by them and thrown into slavery by them, which made the moral oppression and suffering even more severe, even more unbearable and the chains of slavery are even more shameful and painful.. if the school refuses to help me, I have no one else to turn to. " 3
The absence of landlords in the estates or their refusal to give feedback on the work of an agronomist generally deprived the school pupil of the opportunity to get the title of scientific manager. Thus, serf V. T. Godyuchkin from Tver Province, who graduated from school in 1860, only changed the certificate of a pet from serfs to a certificate with the title of assistant scientific manager in 1866. "I was not able to get the necessary papers required by the charter of the School from those persons to whom my official life was devoted ,"he said.

The issuance of appropriate certificates instead of certificates to former serfs was often delayed if their landlords were abroad or did not send their dismissals and reviews of their service on time .5 The manager of the Ryazan estate of the landowner S. D. Nechaev, a graduate of the school of 1840, P. V. Zalomanov, in 1852, when asked about his activities, literally appealed to P. V. Belikov, since 1849-the director of the Agricultural School: "I do not know any other person besides you who is beneficent to me in life, and my thought is akin to your name as with my good genius"; Zalomanon asked to respond to his request for the title of honorary citizen. Zalomanov confessed to the former teacher how difficult it was for him to work for the landowner: "S. D. (Nechaev - Z. Ya.) easily lays, but it is hard to sleep"6 .

This former serf, who received his freedom in 1843 and became the author of a number of agronomic articles, came to the conclusion: "The Russian steward, in addition to knowledge, needs a name"7 . N. M. Myatyashev, an agronomist from the serfs of the Saratov province, also asked the school for the title of scientific administrator: "The future is even more difficult, although my love, diligence and special passion for farming are irresistible, but without material resources and outside help (although I am a pupil), we, in broad Russia, have them, like a body without a soul " 8 .

Only the title gave minimal rights and benefits. The school's director, M. G. Pavlov, emphasized that "with excellent results-

1 TsGIA of Moscow, f. 472, op. 1, d. 308, dl. 1 ob., 2, 3 ob.

2 Ibid., d. 274; l. 1 vol.

3 Ibid., op. 2, d. 241, ll. 6 vol., 7.

4 Ibid., d. 338, l. 1 vol.

5 Ibid., d. 976, l. 1; d. 1152, l. 1.

6 Ibid., op. 1, d. 270, l. b / N.

7 Ibid., f. 419, op. 1, d. 1234, l. 4 vol.

8 Ibid., f. 472, op. 2, d. 912, l. 4 vol.

page 169

mi " in 1831, serfs of Princes Kurakin and Dolgoruky P. Tyukhtyaev and I. Medvedev9 graduated from the school, but in the certificates where the initials and surname of the owner were put down, these graduates are recorded without a patronymic. In 1840, the school petitioned the president of the Moscow Agricultural Union to select one of the graduates for practical training and inspection of "the best farms and institutions in our country", so that he would become useful to the school as a tutor and practical teacher on gardening and agriculture during the summer practice of students on an experimental farm. But "among the students of the free classes, we do not have in mind the completely trustworthy ones, while among the serfs, N. G. Borovoy's student could perfectly meet all expectations in terms of excellent abilities, success, and behavior."10 However, the serf was denied this.

In 1861, some graduates, then still serfs, were advised by the school director N. I. Annenkov and some of its teachers not to receive certificates without rights and wait for certificates with the title of a scientific administrative assistant. S. T. Kostarev, a graduate of that year, wrote about this to the school three years later: "They advised the Stroganov students (M. G. Konstantinov, G. I. Tsepennikov and I. I. Dashennikov), as well as me, not to receive certificates that are in mandatory relationships." 11 After the reform of 1861, the school applied for the issuance of such certificates to those of its pupils-former serfs who had completed the course of study before 1850. However, the Department of Agriculture refused this request, referring to the fact that these titles for persons of "free states" were established only in 1850, and "the law has no retroactive effect". In particular, former graduates Nezhdanov and Chabrov were refused 12 .

Only after the publication of the Regulations of the Main Committee on the organization of the rural state of June 12, 1862, where former pupils of the Agricultural School who completed the course in a serf state were given the right to receive certificates of scientific administrative assistants and scientific administrators with rights, petitions from them began to arrive at the school: A. K. Markin, a graduate of 1852, who served in Kovno estate of Baryatinsky 13 ; M. Melnikov, who served on the estate near Galich 14, and others. A. N. Deev, who graduated from the school in 1852 as a serf from the Orenburg province, asked N. I. Annenkov: "You were already a second father to me before... the firm security of my fate and my future position is also in your hands"; in 1862. Deev finally received the certificate of a learned steward 15 .

Later, when issuing such documents to former freedmen, the school tried to replace the word "freedman" in the column on the origin of graduates with "free class"16 . This is how the documents are drawn up in the personal file of the school's pet, the future scientist-agronomist P. A. Kostychev. In 1860, Major P. P. Petrov placed "Pavel Kostychev, who had been released to freedom, for education in a school." The certificate of the Shatsky district school confirmed that this son of a landowner peasant studied there from 1857 to June 27, 1860 and graduated from it at the age of 15 with excellent success. In the certificate of Kostychev's graduation from the Agricultural School in 1864 with the title of scientific administrative assistant, the phrase: "From the documents submitted by Kostychev, it is clear that he comes from..." not finished, and then inserted in pencil: "free class" 17 .

Most of the school's graduates worked on landlords ' estates and understood that they were standing in the way of the development of productive forces in agriculture. Responding to the school's inquiry in 1852 about the occupations of former pets, A. F. Filippov, a Skopinsky district land surveyor who graduated in 1838, explains why he left the service of a manager: "Managing private estates, it is difficult to achieve the desired goal, fulfilling the requirements of the principal of one, adapting to the nature of the economy of another, often far from rational." 18 At the request of the school in 1852, the scientific administrator from Voronezh Province I. O. Karpov shared his thoughts about 30 years of work: "How do the former pets live, you can judge from the fact that our landlords are still as they were photographed-

9 Ibid., op. 1, d. 19, l. 3.

10 Ibid., 77, l. 2.

11 Ibid., op. 2, d. 717, l. 4 vol.

12 Ibid., op. 1, d. 348, l. 1 vol.

13 Ibid., d. 343, l. 5 vol.

14 Ibid., l. 6.

15 Ibid., op. 2, d. 416, ll. 3 vol., 4, 10.

16 See, for example, ibid., 832.

17 Ibid., 713, ll. 1, 3, 5 vol.

18 Ibid., op. 1, d. 270, l. 29.

page 170

chesky accurately portrayed the late Gogol in "Dead Souls"; the new landowners-merchants and petty bourgeoisie prefer to give their clerks positions in the economy... There is really no demand for people who have received agricultural education. " 19
However, the objective needs for agricultural specialists gradually grew. This is evidenced, in particular, by the reviews of the owners of estates where graduates of the school worked: "With all the ability, this cannot be achieved without scientific information, and in his actions (we are talking in 1862 about the agronomist G. I. Gusev, who served for the sixth year with the author of the review. - Z. Ya.), enterprise is reflected, based on on the laws of science "20, the Penza landowner Zavaritsky himself petitioned the school to issue a diploma of scientific steward to the manager of his estate, I. S. Simagin, who came out of serfdom: "Since he has been with us, our economy is coming into... order with the improvement of it in a noticeable way by his diligence, conscientiousness and knowledge of business"21 . In the review of the Tambov landowner Verigin about the activities of the school graduate A. A. Krasmenov, who manages his estate, the school is called "a necessary institution for our farms" 22 .

Of course, the landlords saw the meaning of the existence of the agricultural school only from the point of view of their own benefit. To the talented agronomist Ya. P. Rudnev, who studied at school in 1828-1832, as serf of the landowner Chertkov, who was released in 1842, Prince Golitsyn wrote from Paris, entrusting him with the management of his Ryazan and Tula estates with a water mill, paper mill and distillery: "So that there are no omissions or disturbances in this matter it was not allowed to harm my estate "23 ; in 1849, thanks to him for managing the estate, the prince reminded Rudnev from abroad:" Continue to act in my favor " 24 .

Graduates tried to use the knowledge gained in the Agricultural School to improve the economy and introduce methods of agronomic science: they introduced fruit-changing crop rotation, a multi-field system of field cultivation, grass planting, machines, new agricultural techniques, proper forest management, improved cattle breeding. But this applied only to those estates whose owners did not interfere with innovations. Thus, I. Nezhdanov, a serf of Count Apraksin who studied at school in 1822-1829, managed the Klin fiefdom for a quarter of a century, established grass-growing, field farming and dairy farming. In 1854, the Yuriev Society of Agriculture awarded him a certificate of commendation for "fine samples of bread, cheese and clover"presented at the society's exhibition .25
Some of the pupils of the Agricultural School created model farms on the purchased land. A freedman who graduated in 1857, T. I. Vesnin, after 13 years of service as a landowner's manager, purchased a "piece of land" in the Volyn province in order to establish a proper economy in places where "the economy is not even in its infancy."26 A graduate of 1862, D. I. Godovikov, who was interested in selecting the most productive crops, initially " had to confine himself only to the management of the estate... Kashintseva in Shuisky district", and in 1869 he bought a plot of land from her and until 1888, as he informed the school, "I am particularly fond of farming with the use of all possible methods of processing and fertilizing the soil... All my efforts over the course of 18 years to improve my economy, with the aim of achieving the greatest possible yields, are far from yielding the results that I would like to achieve, although for some reason my fields and various innovations are locally considered exemplary. " 27 From the reviews of neighbors, the school found out that Godovikov, " wanting to spread the use of extirpators, ... distributes them to the peasants for the time of sowing, and the latter, being convinced of the suitability of the tool and the success of the work, show a desire to purchase them."28. In 1890, the school sent Godovikov a certificate of academic administrator.

Graduates of the school sought to influence the management of their native land as a whole. A native of the "peasant rank" N. G. Strizhov graduated from school as the first student in 1861 and in 1892, in addition to RA-

19 Ibid., d. 580, l. 11 vol.

20 Ibid., d. 343, l. 1.

21 Ibid., l. 2 vol.

22 Ibid., l. 4.

23 Ibid., d. 270, l. 17.

24 Ibid., l. 13 vol.

25 Ibid., f. 472, op. 2, d. 1016, ll. 2-4.

26 Ibid., op. 2, d. 241, l. 6 vol.

27 Ibid., d. 339, l. 5 vol.

28 Ibid., l. 7 vol.

page 171

He worked as a clerk at the Bilimbaevsky plant of Stroganova and other occupations, and conducted extensive activities related to the improvement of agriculture: "Prior to my admission to the zemstvo, the zemstvo assemblies and councils paid no attention to agriculture and food production. I found it necessary to speak at the meetings about measures to improve agriculture and food production. The result was that every year the Yekaterinburg zemstvo began to contribute a certain amount to its budget for improving agricultural affairs in the district, prescribing seeds, tools, breeding cattle, etc. " 29
Agronomists from peasants also contributed to scientific and popularizing activities. I. V. Zalomanov, for example, published a number of articles in the journal M. OSH, "Proceedings" of the VEO, "Notes" of the Lebedyansky Society of Agriculture, "Agricultural Newspaper". Rudnev's articles were published in the "Notes" of the Lebedyansky Society. In 1850, the president of the society, Shishkov, asked Rudnev to continue to send articles: "Your experiments and comments, as a pupil of the Agricultural School and already an experienced owner, will always be accepted by the society with due gratitude." 30 The following year, the society elected Rudnev," respecting useful works and experience in agriculture, " as its corresponding member. Back in 1835-1839. Rudnev set up an experimental farm in the village of Mokry Krem, where he taught the practice of agriculture to peasant sons .31
A graduate of 1862, P. A. Vologdin set up an experimental field at the Stroganov factory in order to spread agricultural knowledge among the peasants, wrote articles on agriculture and ethnography of Permian peasants, helped the society at Moscow University in organizing an ethnographic exhibition and was awarded a diploma and a large silver medal for this; in 1872, he helped organize a Polytechnic exhibition, for which he that he won the big silver and gold medals 32 . V. N. Vaganov, a peasant's son, set up an agricultural school in the Penza estate of Ladyzhensky, in the village of Zavivalovka, to teach the children of peasants .33 M. V. Ascheulov, a graduate of 1859 from Dvorovykh, was engaged in "various economic affairs and education of young children" in the village of Bely Kolodez in the 1860s in Chernihiv province. 34
In 1866, wanting to become a scientific manager, a graduate of 1860, E. E. Burenkov, sent from Ufa Province. He wrote an article about local sheep breeding and spelt farming, adding that previously, as a serf, "I had no right to report my observations, because serfs who completed the course at the Agricultural School, except for the certificate of their knowledge, did not acquire anything and, as the directorate knows, did not use any rights."35 A native of serfs, a graduate of 1858, P. I. Syuzev published articles not only on special issues, but also on such issues as providing assistance to the handicraft industry and on the benefits of introducing the teaching of agricultural knowledge in primary schools (in the Collection of the Perm Zemstvo for 1888) .36
Before its anniversaries and the 75th anniversary of the Moscow Agricultural Academy, the Agricultural School repeatedly made attempts to collect information about the life path and activities of its pets. The most reliable data were sent by school graduates in 1852, 1872 and 1891-1893. Autobiographical responses suggest that most of the graduates did not change their vocation. Among them, 15 natives of the peasants responded. Thus, A. A. Shekunov, a serf of a Nizhny Novgorod landowner, graduated from school in 1859 and served on the estate of his owner; in 1861, he received from the school, at his request, the rights and title of a scientific administrative assistant; from 1863, he managed estates in the Nizhny Novgorod and Simbirsk provinces, using freelance labor and improving farming. Shekunov in 1891 was 52 years old, of which 32 he was engaged in agriculture 37 .

I. N. Rzhanov graduated from the school in 1844, when " only illiterate students were accepted for unlimited years (for example, Denisov entered illiterate, and then turned out to be an excellent mathematician and one of the first pupils of the school)"; for more than 30 years Rzhanov, who became a scientific manager in 1862, was in charge of estates in Moscow, Orel, Tambov, and Samara provinces 38 . Serf Penza-

29 Ibid., op. 1, 580 p. 10.

30 Ibid., l. 6.

31 Ibid., l. 20.

32 Ibid., op. 2, d. 274, ll. 9 vol., 11, 19, 20.

33 Ibid., d. 264, ll. 1, 8-10 vol.

34 Ibid., 69, l. 9.

35 Ibid., d. 197, l. 2 vol.

36 Ibid., d. 1313, l. 3 vol.

37 Ibid., op. 1, d. 561, ll. 25-26 vol.

38 Ibid., pp. 51-52.

page 172

F. N. Chekalin graduated from school in 1838 with an excellent certificate, only in 1860 he received a vacation leave with the whole family. Chekalin's assistant reported to the school in 1891: "After leaving school to this day, Mr. Chekalin, taking a keen interest in every printed word about the economy and its branches, devoted all his working life, innate energy, thorough knowledge and vast experience to the business of farming as a manager." in the provinces of Penza, Kazan, Simbirsk and Saratov, but he did not receive any knowledge, because he graduated from school as a serf .

Being a serf, he graduated from school in 1851. S.E. Ozerov (since 1863 - a scientific manager), who worked for 41 years as a land surveyor and manager, and in 1892 continued to work in the Orel governorate 40 . Another of the pupils, sending information about himself to the school in 1891, concluded: it " does not let out Belarusians from school, but people of work, with an honest direction, useful members of the state and society. I think that many of my friends in different parts of our country, who have been put on a straight path by the school, take their responsibilities seriously, work hard ,and this work will not be in vain. " 41
Awareness of the usefulness of their mission was a hallmark of graduates. One of them wrote to the school in 1855: "Useful works of pupils bring honor to the place of their education... The pupils themselves consider it a special honor and happiness to be students of such an institution, which, by enlightening their minds with the truths of science, which is extremely important and positively necessary, gives them the means to serve their country with benefit! " 42
Dynasties of agronomists, including peasants, were not uncommon. Serf A. L. Voronov, a graduate of 1850, in 1878, having become a scientific administrator, asked the school to accept his son Gabriel; in 1884, he brilliantly graduated from the school 43 . M. I. Dubrovin, a freedman who graduated in 1869, asked to see his brother P. Dubrovin in 188444 . In 1861, the school graduated from the brothers V. L. and N. L. Rabutovsky from the serf princes. Yusupova 45 . In 1865 and 1867, brothers N. P. and S. P. Zalomanov graduated from the school where their father, the scientific administrator Zalomanov, had previously studied. 46 In 1856, serf N. G. Shiryaev was released from school, and in 1880, his son G. N. Shiryaev was released. 47 In 1853, serf M. A. Polevoy graduated from the school, and in 1878 - his son V. M. Polevoy; both served as managers of the school . The Leontievs 'Orel estate was managed by three generations of the Shakhvorostovs' peasant family: grandfather Philip; son Grigory, who graduated from school in 1841 and managed the estate for about 40 years; grandson Ivan, who studied at the same school until 1878 and continued to be the manager in 189549 .

Only a few of the school's graduates, who came from peasant backgrounds, went on to complete higher education. So, one of the founders of modern soil science, organizer of the first agronomic laboratory in Russia P. A. Kostychev graduated from the St. Petersburg Agricultural Institute. In 1850, at the expense of the Moscow Agricultural Academy, he entered as a free student, and in 1852 he became a student of the Gorygoretsky Agricultural Institute. A graduate of the school from freedmen A. I. Astaurov, who graduated with the title of scientific agronomist from the Institute in 185650 . They, as Astaurov wrote, highly valued " expensive things... the title of agronomist " 51 became the pride of the Agricultural School.

39 Ibid., f. 419, op. 1, d. 561, ll. 61, 63, 64.

40 Ibid., f. 472, op. 1, d. 580, l. 17.

41 Ibid., d. 561, l. 76 vol.

42 Ibid., d. 308, l. 3.

43 Ibid., op. 2, dd. 283, 284.

44 Ibid., dd. 457, 458.

45 Ibid., dd. 1201, 1202.

46 Ibid., dd. 521, 522.

47 Ibid., dd. 1641, 1642.

48 Ibid., op. 1, dd. 580, 362, ll. 31-32 vol.

49 Ibid., op. 2, d. 1617, ll. 1 ob., 3.

50 Ibid., f. 419, op. 1, d. 974, l. 7 vol.; d. 1414, ll. 1, 2, 5.

51 Ibid., d. 1593, l. 3 vol.

page 173


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