Introduction

Studying the specifics of the ethno-cultural composition of the nomadic population of the North Caucasus of the XIII-XIV centuries, as far as archaeological and historical-ethnographic material allows, we can distinguish several elite Early Mongolian complexes. All of them are represented by materials from destroyed graves. Among them are highly artistic objects from the town of Gashun Usta in Stavropol (kept in the Hermitage) [Kramarovsky, 1995, 2001], from the vicinity of the village of Semenovod (stored in the Stavropol Museum of Local Lore) and the villages of Novoberezanskaya (preserved in the Krasnodar Archaeological Museum-Reserve) [Narozhny and Okhonko, 1999], as well as from the territory of the North-Western Caspian region [Narozhny, 2005a]. The details of the belt sets included in these complexes are now correlated with the circle of antiquities of the Velikohansk heritage, which was distributed by the generation of Chingizid grandsons (Kramarovsky, 1995) over a vast territory of Eurasia. Separate burials of the Novopavlovsky burial ground (Stavropol region) of the XIII-XIV centuries. [Narozhny and Okhonko, 2007], which include equally expressive and also elite objects of material culture typical of the Genghisids and Jochids, in some cases show signs of "ethnized" Islamization of the buried, which allowed us to raise the question of the specifics of ethno-cultural processes within the Golden Horde, including its North Caucasian possessions. By the first third of the 14th century, these processes had already changed the traditional and ethno-marking northern orientation of the Mongol descendants to the western one (Narozhny, 2003b, 2005b; Narozhny and Okhonko, 2007). They also largely explain similar changes in the funeral rites of the North Caucasian Polovtsians (Narozhny, 2003b, 2005b).

In the 14th century, along with the Polovtsians, "Mongols" and their descendants, black hoods became quite prominent in the North Caucasus, which probably moved here in the 1260s as part of Nogai's troops [Narozhny, 2000b; 2003a, b; 2004] from his Prut-Podnistrovian domain [Dobrolyubsky, 1990]. This process can hardly be attributed to the presence of only a "limited military contingent" (Anfimov and Zelensky, 2002). The presence in the North Caucasus of complexes with female Black hoods and their later Golden Horde derivatives suggests that the migration of black hoods from the southern Russian border and from the Prut-Dniester interfluve occurred in accordance with the traditional principle of space and new territories development for medieval Turks and Mongols. Nomads moved in numerous villages, villages, and hordes (Zhukovskaya, 1988).

The Polovtsians and black Hoods should also be associated with the next (after the early Middle Ages) wave of Turkization of a part of the population of the North and North-West Caucasus. This process is documented by the Chernoklobut decorations and their local later imitations found in separate Tsemdolinsky burials.

The work is based on the report and archive materials of the Archaeological Research Center of Armavir State Pedagogical University.

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in the Eastern Black Sea region (Armarchuk and Malyshev, 1997; Narozhny, 2003a; Armarchuk, 2006), as well as on other monuments of the Golden Horde era in the North Caucasus (Narozhny, 2000b).

Objects of the Askiz archaeological culture are also known in the North Caucasus (Rudnitsky, 1999; Narozhny, 2000a). Together with other artefacts of South Siberian origin found on the Upper Don (Tropin, 1999) and the Middle and Lower Volga (Kolkina, 2001; Rudenko, 2001), they give rise to the question of possible participation in the Genghisid military campaign in the late 1230s of the medieval ancestors of the modern Khakass people. There is evidence from written sources and archaeological material that makes it possible to include compact groups of natives of Hulaguid Iran in the composition of the North Caucasian population of the Golden Horde (Narozhny, 2006). However, the ethnocultural groups recorded today only partially reflect the entire ethno-cultural palette of the Golden Horde possessions in the North Caucasus. There is reason to raise the question of the place and role of the Far Eastern Jurchens in the complex and multiethnic structure of the population of the region of the Golden Horde period.

Far Eastern subjects in the North Caucasus

In different years, various objects were recorded on the territory of the North Caucasus, which were distinguished by their exoticism and did not have close parallels on the territory of Eastern Europe. It was only in 2000 that the corresponding analogs were selected for these finds, which allow us to talk about their Far Eastern genesis.

Hangings in the form of fish figures. There is information about five such subjects. In 1991, the first discovery was published - a fragmented cast bronze plate imitating a fish figurine (Eremin, Myalkovsky, and Narozhny, 1991). The subject was picked up by students of the Grozny Petroleum Institute who were undergoing a training and production internship as part of a geological party in the steppe zone of the Northwestern Caspian region (Fig. 1, 1). A fragment of a fish figurine (Fig. 2, 1) was located among the sandblasts in the vicinity of the modern village of Bazhigan. The accidental discovery dates back to the Golden Horde period. The second and third grafts raised in the vicinity of Junction 13 of the North Caucasian Railway (see Figures 1 and 2) are highly fragmented. On the outer surface of the torsos of both fish - mesh decor formed by intersecting oblique lines (engraving); the tail is modified with longitudinal oblique lines. Both figures are cast. Due to technical reasons, the photo with their image could not be reproduced.

In 2004, two more similar bronze finds were published (see Figures 2, 2, 3 ), which were raised in the early 1990s by workers of the geological party in the area of the 13th siding (see Figures 1, 2).

Figure 1. Map-diagram of places where Jurchen objects were found in the North Caucasus. 1st Bazhigan, Republic of Dagestan; 2 - 13th detour, Republic of Dagestan; 3-Gudermes, Chechen Republic; 4 - Koshkeldy village, Chechen Republic; 5 - Shuansky Mohde burial ground, Republic of Ingushetia; 6 - Novopavlovsky burial ground, Stavropol Territory; 7-Prochnookopskaya village, Krasnodar Territory.

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2. Jurchen objects from the North Caucasus.

1-3-fragments and a whole fish pendant; 4-6-buckle and clips (bronze); 7, 8-key chains-netsuke (amber?). 1st place. Bazhigan; 2, 3-13th detour; 4-6-mound near the village of Prochnookopskaya in the middle Kuban; 7, 8-border 9 of the Novopavlovsky burial ground in Stavropol.

half a kilometer away from the location of the two finds already mentioned (Narozhny, 2004). These objects most fully, if not identically, reproduce similar fish grafts, which are widely known in the Far East among the Jurchens (Shavkunov, 1973, 1990).

Unfortunately, we do not have additional information about the conditions of detection of all five "fish". It is only known that the" fish " near Bazhigan were located at a distance of 150-300 m from each other among the scattered bones of the animal (vertebrae and fragments of ribs) scattered by the wind. One fragment of the pendant (see Figs. 2, 1) was accompanied by a fragmented knife and arrowhead (we do not have any information about them). At the 13th siding, a fragmented suspension (see Figs. 2, 2) was found together with fragments of iron rods (the specifics are unknown), and another one (see Fig. 2, 3) - together with fragments of an iron stirrup and fragments of two arrowheads (no additional information about items). One gets the impression that it is possible to compare all these objects with the scattered burial complexes that were located in the sand vyduvs. Fish grafts are far from the only items of Far Eastern origin that are now known in the North Caucasus.

Handle of a wooden vessel. A fragment of the handle of a wooden vessel has already been noted in the specialized literature, which was found together with other fragments of wooden utensils among the burial equipment in collective semi-underground crypts (the Shuansky burial ground of Mokhde) in high-altitude Ingushetia (see Figs. 1, 5) [Narozhny, 1996]. A fragment of the handle is decorated with an ornament that completely copies the decor on an earthenware vessel (XII - XIII centuries) from the Shaiginsky settlement in the Far East ([Ibid.], cf.: [Shavkunov, 1990]).

You should also pay attention to the spearhead found on the territory of modern Chechnya.

Spearhead with side hook. Until 1991, the school museum in Koshkeldy village (Gudermes district of the Chechen Republic) housed an extensive and expressive collection of medieval spearheads, most of which were introduced into scientific use by D. Y. Chakhkiev [1987]. All the spears were found at different times in arable fields on the right bank of the Terek River between Koshkeldy and Gudermes (see Figures 1, 4). In Caucasian studies, this part of the Terek coast is usually referred to as the site of military clashes between the Chingizids and the Alan-Polovtsian troops (1222) and Timur's troops with the Tokhtamysh (1395) [Vinogradov, Narozhny, Savenko, 2003]. Chakhkiev's new collection included a spear head with a side hook (Fig. 3, 1) (Narozhny, 2003b; Basov, Narozhny, Tikhonov, 2003). Exact and earliest analogs of this sample are found in the Far East (Derevyanko, 1987; Shavkunov, 1990; Gorelik, 2002).

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Fig. 3. Spearhead with side hook from the Museum of S. Koshkeldy (1) and his images on stone statues in the upper Kuban (2-4). 1 - school museum; 2 - 4 - by: [Minaeva, 1964; Bidzhiev, 1993].

The bit. During excavations of the Dzhukhta-2 burial mound in the Stavropol Territory, Jurchen bits were found in the Podkurgan border 2, dating back to the middle of the XIII century (Belinsky, Berezin, Kalmykov, 2001). The burial complex of this burial site has not been published; only the reconstruction of clothing has received coverage (Daudet, 2001).

Keychains-netsuke. In 1989, two carvings made of amber (?) were found in border 9 (Narozhny and Okhonko, 2007) during security and rescue archaeological investigations of the Novopavlovsky burial ground of the 14th century (see Figs. 1, 6) (see Figs. 2, 7, 8). One object was broken off (see Figs.. 2, 7); only a fragment of the torso made in flat relief has been preserved. Because of the fragmentary nature of the craft, it is difficult to identify the image with a specific animal. The second item is in the form of a sculptural image of an animal with realistic details. Such items are well-known by their analogues from Jurchen antiquities of the Far East and are interpreted as netsuke trinkets (Shavkunov, 1990). According to E. V. Shavkunov, such netskes copied images of real birds and animals of the Far East, among which the fur seal is mentioned [1990]. The second netsuke from Novo Pavlovsky pogr. 9 was considered possible to compare with the image of a navy seal (see Fig. 2, 8).

Novopavlovsky keyfobs, like their Far Eastern counterparts, have through holes. In the Far East, key rings were made with both round and sub-rectangular holes.

Details of the belt set. The North Caucasian collection of objects of Far Eastern origin includes a belt buckle and two clips from the ceremonial belt (see Figures 2, 4 - 6), discovered in the vicinity of the village of Prochnookopskaya in the Novokubansky district of Krasnodar Krai (see Figures 1, 7). The finds are known only from photographs. All three items are related to the mound, which was partially destroyed in the early 1990s during the repair of a nearby road. It is noteworthy that the same mound belongs to a Nestorian lamp of Central Asian origin, preliminary information about which was published by A. K. Saisky [1996]. The belt buckle (see Figs. 2, 4), as far as can be judged from the photo, is made of white metal. Based on the photo, both the buckle itself and the clips were drawn (see Figs. 2, 4-6). The buckle is cast, two-part, had a C-shaped frame with one (rounded-convex) side surface. Its ends are bent outward at right angles. A sub-rectangular plate (shield) with a cutout for the belt is pivotally attached to the frame. The upper right corner of this plate is broken off (see Figs. 2, 4). From the outside, the C-shaped frame of the case is covered with a magnificent decoration, probably made in the technique of high relief: the image of a fantastic animal is noticeable in the upper part of the ornament, under which there are branches and leaves of a tree (?), grass and fallow deer (?). The leaves and grass were further refined by small engraving after casting.

2, 5, 6). On the edge - a rich and identical (on both samples) ornament in the form of the Tree of Life (?), under it - the image of a fallow deer (?), as on the buckle (see Fig. 2, 5, 6). The ornament of the clips is cast (together with the clips) in the technique of high relief with subsequent additional refinement by the engraver.

These objects find close parallels in the Jurchen antiquities of the Far East (Konkova, 1989; Shavkunov, 1990).

Conclusions

Some of the items mentioned above are accidental finds, but items from closed archaeological complexes (Novopavlovsky burial ground, border 9, burial 2 of the Dzhukhta-2 burial ground) allow us to attribute all such artifacts identified in the region,

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to the burial inventory. Today it is possible to raise the question not only about the reasons, but also about possible ways of spreading the finds of interest to us in the North Caucasus.

First of all, let's pay attention to the fish hangings. In the Far East, as E. V. Shavkunov points out, such pendants were made of various materials - bronze, silver, jade, etc., and were hung on the belts of Jurchen "civil officials". Netsuke trinkets are " devices used to attach various items of everyday use to the belt: various purses, boxes of medicines and writing materials, bottles of incense, etc." (Shavkunov, 1990). Probably, fish pendants and netsuke charms were used in the same way in the North Caucasus, although, we emphasize, they were not typical for the region.

The spear head with a side hook from Koshkeldy village is Jurchen - type, and its appearance on the territory under consideration is tempting to put it on a par with other innovations that became widespread not only in the North Caucasus, but also in Eastern Europe after the Genghisid invasions. It is possible that spearheads such as fish pendants and a belt set, fragments of which were found in the vicinity of the village of Prochnookopskaya, could have been part of the complex of military equipment of not only the Mongols themselves, but also individual groups of Jurchens who were drawn by the Genghisids into campaigns in Eastern Europe. Moreover, various contacts between the Jurchens and the Chingizids were established long before the Chingizid campaigns in the North Caucasus (Kychanov, 1986).

Several stone sculptures with images of real objects, including copies with side hooks, are known in the North Caucasus (see Figures 3, 2-4). Usually, such statues are perceived as Polovtsian (Minaeva, 1964; Lozhkin, 1996) or are associated with the early medieval Bulgarian heritage of the first wave of Turkization of a part of the population of the North Caucasus (Kuznetsov, 1997). However, these statues have a completely different, ancient Turkic origin (Kuznetsov, 1980; Narozhny, 2002). Images of spears with a side hook, along with other historical and ethnographic (North Caucasian) realities on the statues, allow us to date them to the Golden Horde period [Narozhny, 1999, 2002] and consider them as examples of direct influence from the Jurchens who were part of the Genghisid troops, or as an influence mediated by the Genghisids. Such spearheads later became widespread in the complex of weapons of Russian vigilantes, as evidenced by the illustrations of Russian chronicles depicting the participants of the Battle of Kulikovo (Kirpichnikov, 1980).

It is likely that the Jurchens, who moved with the Genghisids to Eastern Europe and the North Caucasus, should be associated with the appearance of not only copies of this type, but also other innovative things: the Jurchen bits mentioned, the belt buckle and clips from the ceremonial belt, fish charms, netsuke trinkets, as well as objects of material culture. copied later in the form of wooden forgeries that were discovered in the high-altitude regions of Ingushetia. Among such innovations of the Golden Horde era, we should also highlight Jurchen ornamental motifs and plots, which are often found on various objects of the Early Juchid and Great Khan heritage from the territory of the North Caucasus (Kramarovsky, 1995, 2001; Narozhny and Okhonko, 1999).

Thus, the recorded connections between the North Caucasus and the Far East in the Early Juchid and Golden Horde periods were hardly due only to occasional contacts or individual borrowings. It is quite possible that compact groups of the Jurchen population may stay in the Jochid possessions in the North Caucasus.

The fact that most of the analogs of the Jurchen origin found in the North Caucasus are found mainly at the Shaiginsky ancient settlement may be an accident. The "exoticism" of Far Eastern objects, which are not typical for the territory of the North Caucasus, creates certain difficulties in their historical attribution, when only the most accessible and well-known analogues of the Caucasus become decisive. Probably, the same reasons explain the small number of references to the "Far Eastern" literature. It cannot be ruled out that the predominance among the found analogues of various objects of their prototypes only from the Shaiginsky settlement, located in the Far East, could also have historically explicable reasons. It is quite likely that the bulk of the items we publish could have appeared in the North Caucasus not only with individual groups of people who were part of Chingizid exclusively military units, but also with people involved in mass ethnic movements that were organized by the Chingizids after the end of the conquest campaign of the late 1230s. Probably, some of these settlers could have been connected in some way with the specified settlement, its district, or included carriers of craft and artistic traditions that descend from the traditions of artisans and yuveli-

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the moat of the "Shaiginsky" circle. In any case, this problem needs further expansion of the source base and additional attention from specialists.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 12.02.07.

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