Libmonster ID: MD-1259

Author(s) of the publication: A. P. Derevyanko, V. N. Zenin →

Educational Institution \ Organization: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS →

Source: Archeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia, No. 4.31 December 2007 Pages 29-51 →

Introduction

Until recently, the territory of Dagestan remained one of the least studied Paleolithic regions of the Caucasus region. The first data on the Early Paleolithic in this area (collected near the village of Gejuh) were obtained by M. Z. Panichkina in the late 1930s. Subsequent searches for Paleolithic sites were carried out by V. G. Kotovich in the 1950s [1964]. He considered the materials from the Chumus-Inits site to be the most ancient (Acheulean), despite the absence of the leading tools of the Acheulean culture in the Caucasus - hand chops. These tools were discovered only in 2005. (Dubekchay, Darvagchay-quarry, Chumus-Inits, and Rubas-1) and confirmed the existence of Acheulean forests in Dagestan (Derevyanko, Amirkhanov, Zenin, and Anoikin, 2005). As a result of exploration activities in 2003-2006, an expedition of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences discovered more than 20 Paleolithic sites in the south-eastern part of the Republic of Dagestan in the Darvagchay and Rubas River basins [Derevyanko, Amirkhanov, Zenin, Anoikin, and Rybin, 2004; Amirkhanov, Derevyanko, 2005; Derevyanko, Amirkhanov, Zenin, Anoikin, Tsybankov, 2005; Derevyanko, Amirkhanov, Zenin, Anoikin, Tsybankov, Kulik, 2005; Derevyanko, Zenin, Anoikin, 2005; Derevyanko, Anoikin, Leshchinsky, Slavinsky, Borisov, 2006; Derevyanko, Anoikin, Slavinsky, Borisov, 2006]. The earliest stratified Paleolithic complexes were found at the Darvagchai-1 and Rubas-1 localities. They are distinguished by their proximity to sediments of coastal-marine genesis and the predominance of small products. The relative age and morphological appearance of the main categories of tools from the Darvagchai-1 site made it possible to classify this complex as an Early Paleolithic microindustry (Derevyanko, 2006). Localities with microlytic inventory have been found in various regions of Africa, Europe, and Asia over the past decades and are dated in a wide chronological range - from 2.3 to 0.3 million years ago.The appearance of the Early Paleolithic microindustry in the Caucasus should probably be associated with one of the oldest human migrations from Africa to Eurasia.

Location of Darwagchai-1 location

The Darvagchai-1 Early Paleolithic site (Figures 1-3), discovered in 2003, is located 22 km northwest of Derbent on the left bank of the Gejukha reservoir (Darvagchai River). Coordinates of the object: 42°08 ' 06 "N, 48°01' 44 " e. This section corresponds to the transition from the foothill (absolute height 120 - 270 m) to the low-lying (<90 m) part of the Western Caspian region. Border of the ho foothills-

The work was carried out within the framework of the program of fundamental research of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Adaptation of peoples and cultures to changes in the natural environment, social and man-made transformations" with the financial support of the Russian State Scientific Foundation (N 05-01-01373a) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (N 07-06-00096a).

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1. Geographical location of the Darvagchai-1 site.

Rocheau stands out in relief by a structural ledge and is emphasized by numerous outcrops of seashell and sandstone. On the banks of the reservoir, approx. 10 sites with surface occurrence of Paleolithic artifacts. All of them are associated with steep coastal slopes and erosional outcrops, in which marine, coastal-marine and continental sediments are traced from bottom to top. The discovery of Paleolithic artifacts in sediments of coastal-marine genesis was a complete surprise. The age of these deposits was previously estimated to be within a wide range of the Early - Middle Pleistocene (Verkhnebakinsky - Nizhnekhazarsky) (Golubyatnikov, 1937; Fedorov, 1957, 1978). In the outcrop at the site of the parking lot of A. L. Chepalyga (In-

Figure 2. Location view. The excavation site is indicated by an arrow.

Fig. 3. View of the parking lot. Arrows indicate excavations 1 and 2.

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Seashells of marine mollusks (Didacna parvula Nal., D. rudis Nal., D. sp., D. cf. catillus Eichw., Monodacna sp., Dreissena rostriformis Desh.) typical of the deposits of the Baku basin of the Caspian Sea were collected and identified [Derevyanko, Amirkhanov, Zenin, Anoykin, Chepalyga, 2005].

In 2005, exploratory excavations were carried out at the Darvagchai-1 site (12 m2 - dig 1 and 4 m2-dig 2), located 5 m apart (Fig. 3). They provided preliminary information about the stratigraphy of the site and revealed samples of paleontological materials (malacofauna, bones and teeth of large mammals).* and an impressive set of Paleolithic items (260 copies in total). In excavation 2, two culture - bearing horizons were recorded: the lower one - in limestones (shell rocks), and the upper one-in a vast conglomerate lens. In excavation 1, conglomerates were absent, and artifacts were found in very dense shell rock. The short length and dissociation of the obtained sections made it impossible to correctly correlate them (Derevyanko, Zenin, and Anoikin, 2006). This became possible only after the site was opened between exploration excavations in 2006. According to the updated stratigraphic description of the site sections (see below), the artifacts in excavation 1 belong to layer 6; in excavation 2, the lower horizon corresponds to layer 7 (layer 4), and the upper horizon corresponds to layer 8.

Stratigraphy of the location and conditions of occurrence of artifacts

Stratigraphic studies of Darvagchai-1 in 2004-2005 were carried out with varying degrees of detail, depending on the composition of the expedition participants and the availability of outcrops [Ibid.]. Excavations in 2006 allowed us to obtain a series of sections of the left bank of the Darvagchay River at the site of the parking lot. These sections (Figures 4-6) and two outcrops in the adjacent areas were the basis for detailed stratigraphic studies of sediments and the determination of the conditions for the occurrence of cultural materials (Derevyanko, Leshchinsky, and Zenin, 2006).

The following is an abbreviated description of the stratigraphic section* * of the location (excavation site and adjacent areas) from the water level in the Gejuh reservoir up (absolute height-117 m).

1. Thin-and horizontal-layered deposits of coastal-marine genesis (transition zone between the shelf and the coast). They are represented by layers of very dense clay siltstone (more than 80%) and fine-grained brown-brown sand. When weathered, the rocks are fractured, crumble and form a small-lumpy separation. There are fragments of thin-walled mollusk shells. The horizontal position of sediments is disturbed by neotectonic movements. The apparent thickness of the layer is more than 2.6 m. The roof itself (up to 2 cm) is cemented to siltstone. The sediments are probably overlain by overlying formations with erosion.

2. Conglomerate with an admixture of boulders. The fragments are mostly flat and ellipsoid in shape and consist of carbonate sandstone, occasionally flint; they are very well rounded. The aggregate is fine-grained sandstone with an admixture of gravel. In the southern direction, the layer may be wedging out. Near the southern edge of the excavation, there is no cementation - the layer is eroded and represented by separate boulders, between which (often under them) overlying siltstones and sands of layer 3 and even shell rock of layer 4 are embedded. Deposits, apparently, were formed in the breakwater zone of the beach (usually up to 1-2 m deep). The depth is up to 0.2 m. m. The roof is uneven and wavy. The sediments are probably overlain by overlying stratigraphic unconformities.

3. Fine-grained horizontally layered, sometimes lenticular sand. The roof of the layer is saturated with clam shell fragments. At the base, a thin, loose layer of whitish-gray siltstone covers (up to 3 cm) the underlying boulders and pebbles, penetrating between the fragments to the bottom of layer 2. Large boulders are not covered with silt, which may indicate short-term sedimentation or local erosion. In general, the composition of precipitation is typical for the transition and lower parts of the prefrontal zone (possible depths from 3 to 15 m). The maximum depth of the layer is 0.35 m, but in the southern direction it sometimes wedges out and the sediments "mix" with the overlying ones, which may indicate a break in sedimentation.

4. Organogenic-clastic limestone (shell rock) with inclusions of gravel and pebbles (composition as in layer 2). Sorting is medium - large material is mostly located in the lower part of the layer, often in a "suspended" state. There are many prints of the bivalve shells of mollusks themselves. The bottom of the layer is smooth, clear, with a slight drop in the north direction. The roof is clear, wavy-it represents large ripples of excitement (wave length 0.9 - 0.45 m, height 0.1 - 0.05 m), formed in the prefrontal zone (average sedimentation depths from 1 to 2-4 m). The shape of the ridges is rounded and flat, which indicates the processing of ripples during temporary (repeated?) draining the coast, possibly low tide. Average azimuths of the ridge strike of two generations: - 300 and 350°.

* The remains of mammals are represented by fragments of poor preservation and are not defined to the species.

** All deposits of the described section have a positive reaction with a 5-10% HCI solution.

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4. Stratigraphic section of the eastern wall of the excavation in 2006.

1-sandy loam; 2 - sands and siltstones; 3 - sand-siltstone deposits; 4 - clay-sand deposits; 5-sand; 6 - silt - sand deposits; 7 - conglomerate; 8 - limestone (shell rock); 9 - boulders, pebbles; 10-layer/interlayer number.

Thickness of the layer is from 0.1 to 0.22 m. The sediments are overlain by overlying sediments with a clear break.

5. Thin-layered clay-sand deposits with layers of shell rock. They are represented by layers of fine-grained carbonate sand with fragments of mollusk shells: Didacna rudis Nal., D. eulachia (Bog.) Fed., D. lindleyi (Dash.) Fed. (conclusion by T. A. Yanina, MSU). The sand is light gray to light brown. The clay is gray - and greenish-brown, lying in the depressions of the sole-between the ripple ripples - in the form of thinly layered lenses with layers of shell detritus. In the middle and upper parts of the layer, there are layers and lenses of shell detritus, which in the southern section of the excavation turn into a layer (up to 0.2 m) of shell rock, which already lies in the bottom and sometimes merges with layer 4 into a single thickness. The roof of the shell rock is also represented by large ripples of excitement. The interlayer wedges out downstream of the Darvagchai and in a northerly direction. Rare Paleolithic artefacts were found in the northern part of the excavation in the rakushnyakov detritus. In the southern section, the sediments are crushed by blocks of shell rock of layer 6, which have slid to the base of the coastal rampart. The depth of the layer is -0.2 m. The sediments are probably intermittently overlain by overlying formations.

6. Organogenic-clastic limestone (shell rock), very dense, massive. The rock is mostly composed of fragments of bivalve mollusk shells. The layer is undisturbed along the strike, it is a buried coastal rampart, strongly destroyed during sea level rise, as evidenced by numerous blocks torn from the upper part of the rampart and moved to its foot. The process of destruction was rather long, because the crumpling and mixing textures of sediments that occurred during the breakdown and movement of debris are present in layers 5 and 7.A layer (up to 0.15 m) of pebble-gravel material (beach breakers?) is allocated in the bottom.

5. The northern wall of the excavation.

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6. Southern section of the eastern wall of the excavation.

The layer contains Paleolithic artifacts, as well as rare fragments of mammalian bones and teeth. The maximum permafrost depth is -1.4 m. The sediments are strongly fractured, resulting in a series of broken blocks between which overlying rocks are embedded. The destruction of the bank wall took place under subaqueous conditions (simultaneously with sedimentation of layer 7), so the main part of the excavation is represented by blocks that slid into the depressions of the ancient bottom. Karst processes with the formation of niches and small tunnels, in which deposits of layer 7 accumulated, apparently also occurred in the body of the shaft during flooding. The identified shaft corresponds to the classical formations of sea coasts and, therefore, at the maximum of its development, probably had a height of 2-4 m and a width of several tens of meters. Deposits with stratigraphic inconsistencies underlie the overlying formations.

7. Complex coastal and marine sediments. They are represented by a rhythmic alternation of fine -, wavy -, and horizontally layered sands, clay siltstones with an admixture of shell detritus, and interlayers consisting of fragments and blocks of shell rock of layer 6, in which Paleolithic artifacts and rare fragments of mammalian bones are revealed. The surfaces of strata between layers are not always clear, but they are clear, uneven, with blurs, leaks, embeddings, and textures of consedimental deformations (landslides, crumpling). There are at least five interlayers.

Interlayer 1. Silt-sanded thin -, wavy-layered and lenticular deposits with a high content of shell detritus. In some places, there are small ripples of excitement with a chevron texture (probably the prefrontal zone). There are lenses (up to 0.1 m) of rakushnyak, in which ripples of excitement can also be read. The first occurrence of freshwater ostracod species in the section is recorded in the sediments (conclusion of V. A. Konovalova, TSU). The maximum vertical depth is 0.55 m (southward wedging due to crumpling and denudation).

Layer 2. Deposits represented by clumps and rubble of seashell detached from the bank wall (layer 6). The fragments are sharp-angled or slightly rolled, sometimes with unclear boundaries due to partial cementation with aggregate (sand and siltstone). Some blocks have crushed the underlying sediments during their movement and partially penetrated them with the formation of characteristic sliding and squeezing textures (bending and corrugation of puffs). Maximum V. M. 0.4 m.

Interlayer 3. Deposits similar to interlayer 1. Differences in sloping bedding, slumping and crumpling textures. The lower part is mostly covered with different-grained sand in the form of lenses. The maximum vertical depth is 0.55 m (wedging in a southerly direction).

Interlayer 4. Deposits similar to interlayer 2. The difference in the size of the fragments: mainly there is crushed shell rock, sometimes cemented to breccia. The maximum vertical depth is 0.2 m (wedging in the north and south directions).

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Interlayer 5. Deposits similar in genesis to interlayers 1 and 3. The difference is the almost complete absence of sand and a continuous violation of the primary occurrence due to crumpling of deposits. The interlayer merges with interlayer 3 in the northern direction, and abruptly joins the conglomerate of layer 8 in the southern direction. In the area of contact with the conglomerate, the interlayer contains Paleolithic artifacts. Mollusk shells were found in the sediments: Didacna rudis Nal., D. eulachia (Bog.) Fed., Dreissenapolymorpha Pall., D. rostriformis (Desh.), Unio sp. (conclusion by T. A. Yanina, MSU). Maximum vertical depth -0.8 m.

In the southernmost part of the excavation, a lens (layer 6?) of gravelite with rubble and individual blocks of shell rock is distinguished in the roof of layer 7 - a genetic analogue of layers 2 and 4. These deposits partially lie on the formations of layer 8. The total depth of the layer is -1.4 m. The roof is indistinct, but clear, the deposits gradually level out all the irregularities of the bed and smoothly (according to) they pass into overlapping formations of layer 9.

8. Conglomerate, mixed sand and gravel in the aggregate. Sorting is almost nonexistent, but flat debris lies horizontally. The composition of the pebbles is similar to the previous ones. At the base there are clumps of shell rock (up to 0.7 x 0.4 m in plan), which can be considered fragments of destroyed underlying formations (layers 4-7). The deposits are not sustained along the strike, lie in the form of a large lens (maximum depth of -0.5 m) and lean against the formations of layer 7, and the contact is vertical and very uneven (zigzag), with the introduction of interlayers and lenses of layer 7 into the thickness of the conglomerate. Thus, these sediments, which also contain Paleolithic artifacts and rare fragments of mammalian bones, may reflect an increased concentration of psephite material in the beach breakers in front of (towards the sea) a mechanical barrier - a flooded coastal rampart. The sediments appear to have been overlain by layer 9 formations.

9. Thin -, wavy - and horizontally layered light brown and gray mixed-grained sands and siltstones. The ratio of rocks (mainly sand in the bottom and siltstone in the roof), textures, and granulometric composition indicate sedimentation in the prefrontal and transition zones (a gradual increase in the depth of the basin). The upper part is more than 2.7 m, while the higher part is a blackened area with modern slope deposits with a thickness of -1.7 - 2 m. Thus, the relationship with overlapping rocks is not clear.

10. Mixed-grained sand with many fragments of thin-walled pelecipod and gastropod shells. In the range of approximately 2 to 3 m below the roof of the layer, the sediments are cemented and contain an admixture of gravel and small pebbles. The texture is generally massive, but in the middle of the visible part of the layer (1.2 - 1.4 m below the roof) there is a lens (up to 0.4 m in depth) and layers of dark gray mixed-grained sand, sometimes cemented to sandstone. Puffs (up to 2 cm in height) fall parallel to the modern slope, at an angle of up to 15°. Below the lens, the deposits are light gray-brown, above-light pinkish-brown. The genesis of sediments can be preliminarily estimated as colluvial-deluvial. The upper limit of the layer is more than 3 m. The roof has a layer (-0.3 m) of light brown clay sand with a massive texture and many fragments of thin-walled mollusk shells. The surface of the stratification is indistinct, but clear, with a slight drop towards the slope. The deposits are overlain by overlying formations without visible interruption.

11. Light gray loam with sparse layers of light brown sand. The thickness of the layer is up to 1.2 m. The genesis of deposits is inclined. The roof is clear and uneven. The eroded deposits are overlain by overlying formations.

12. Sand-gravel-pebble deposits with an admixture of boulders and boulders. Sorting of the material is almost nonexistent, but the largest fragments fill deep gullies, as a result of which the lenticular structure of the layer base is sometimes found. Gastropod shells, a fragment of the diaphysis (~2 cm) of a long mammalian bone of poor preservation, and rare Paleolithic artifacts were found. The genesis of the sediments is complex, and proluvial-deluvial processes probably played a leading role in sedimentogenesis. The roof is uneven and indistinct.

13. The modern soil horizon is a brownish-gray sandy loam with an admixture of sand, gravel and pebbles. Genesis of eluvial-deluvial sediments. Western m. -0.2 m.

Analysis of the section makes it possible to distinguish three different - age sediment packs separated from each other by significant stratigraphic breaks with obvious traces of erosion: the first (including layer 1) genetically corresponds to the transition zone between the shelf and the coast (water depth on average 8-15 m); the second (layers 2-9) is formed in the conditions of a typical sea coast in The third zone (layers 10-13) was formed mainly in subaerial conditions, with colluvial, deluvial, proluvial, and eluvial processes playing a leading role in sedimentation.

Conditions of occurrence of cultural materials

During the excavation of the site, 2079 stone artifacts were obtained. Average size of most guns

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do not exceed 30 mm. The vast majority (more than 99%) of items are made of flint. The artefacts are mostly confined to shell rocks (layers 6, 7) and conglomerate lenses (layer 8). An exception is found in layer 5 and interlayer 5 of layer 7 in the area in contact with the conglomerate.

Attention is drawn to the different preservation of the surface of artifacts (from heavily rolled to almost "fresh", with a characteristic waxy gloss). Items that have been updated by later withdrawals are also not uncommon. Their joint occurrence is typical for almost all layers, with the exception of the 5th layer. There is a clear transfer and mixing of artifacts in the coastal zone. You can also talk about a slight re-deposition of some items, secondary use or re-registration of previously manufactured products. Possibly rare ones (13 specimens) should be considered redeposited from earlier sediments. artifacts from layer 5 (the supposed source is layer 4). At the moment, they are the oldest on the site of the parking lot.

The next stage, which indicates the presence of people, is associated with deposits of the coastal rampart (layer 6) and the products of its destruction in the beach area - clastic-block interlayers of layer 7. In its development, the shaft, which is mostly composed of shell rock and contains terrigenous fragments, as well as stone artifacts and fragments of mammalian bones, was apparently affected by the processes of carbonate cementation. The increasing transgression led to its significant destruction and sliding to the foot of detached blocks and smaller fragments of shell rock, alternating with silt-sand interbeds. Consequently, the stone inventory and accompanying faunal remains from layer 6 and interlayers 7/1, 7/2,and 7/4 are relatively simultaneous and can form a single cultural and chronological complex.

The final stage of human habitation in the study area is recorded in layer 8 (conglomerate). In addition to boulders, pebbles and gravel, it contains rounded fragments of shell rock, siltstone lenses, sand and clay. Among the flint products, there are several objects with almost no traces of weathering, which is probably due to their rapid burial without further transfer. It is not necessary to talk about the occurrence of finds in the conglomerate layer in situ - this is contradicted by their "weighted" state and differences in the preservation of the surface of artifacts. The formation of layer 8 is probably synchronous with the final stage of sedimentation of layer 7, the finds in which (interlayer 5) may well be redeposited from a conglomerate during the erosion of a narrow (less than 1 m) contact zone. According to the conclusion of T. A. Yanina (malacofauna analysis), the sediments of layers 5-8 are Upper Bakinsk, which allows us to assume their relative age of 600 thousand years. The appearance of Unio sp. shells in layer 8 seems to indicate temporary desalination of coastal waters (salinity up to 2% o) in the parking area, possibly in the delta area.

Thus, a detailed stratigraphic analysis of sediments indicates at least three stages of formation of cultural materials of the site: in layers 5, 6 (+ 7) and 8. Moreover, all artifacts were found in coastal-marine sediments that characterize the beach area. This may indicate the specialization of the economic activity of the ancient population on marine resources.

Problems of stone inventory analysis

The Darvagchaya-1 industry is based on the use of flint and is characterized by a small number of nuclei, the predominance of the simplest methods of splitting nuclei, crushing (breaking) raw materials into angular fragments. It reflects a clear preference for the selection of suitable quality and size of nodules, pebbles, fragments and flint tiles for the manufacture of tools. The use of chips and their fragments (fragments) as blanks for tools is much less pronounced (15-23% of the total number of tools). Another feature of the industry is its distinct microlytic appearance: the average size of workpieces converted into tools does not exceed 25 - 30 mm. The presence of large nuclei and tools, and the availability of large-sized raw materials clearly indicate the implementation of a certain cultural tradition aimed at making small tools. The small size of the products, their different preservation, the combination of the simplest methods of splitting, the active use of fragments, small pebbles and flint tiles for the manufacture of tools, and developed methods of secondary finishing (upholstery, retouching, mowing, chisel chipping) cause very significant problems of identification, typological definition and classification of inventory. While the identification of site nuclei and their cleavage products (chips and their fragments) is usually not particularly difficult, it is sometimes impossible to distinguish natural fragments and flint tiles from artificially obtained ones. The small size and variety of workpieces converted into tools often make it difficult to distinguish between a scraper and a scraper, a pebble "microchopper" and a pebble scraper, a point and a convergent scraper or a beak-shaped tool. Lack of standard well-established forms of tools in the industry.-

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vagchaya-1 and the predominance of rounded artefacts in it represent another obstacle for classification analysis.

Judging by the publications (see, for example, Gladilin and Sitlivy, 1990), researchers of Early Paleolithic microindustries of Isernia la Pineta, Bilzingsleben, Vertesseles, and a number of other localities experienced similar problems. Today, there are no uniform criteria for analysis and stable repeating features in the rank of typological definitions for microindustries of the Early Paleolithic. Accordingly, there are problems of technological and typological comparison of microlithic complexes and their archaeological periodization. Given these circumstances, we consider it important to give a detailed description of the Darvagchai-1 industry.

We will note a number of basic approaches or conditions for inventory research.

1. The entire complex is divided into primary fission products and deliberately manufactured tools.

2. Objects of primary cleavage are terrigenous materials (nodules, pebbles, pieces, tiles) with traces of splitting or breaking/crushing, nuclei, fragments, chips and their fragments.

3. Samples with impact pads and cleavage planes with negatives of two or more chips are classified as nuclei. Broken or poorly diagnosed samples with negative surface chips are defined as nucleoid fragments.

4. Three-dimensional angular sections of stone with signs of splitting or crushing are defined as fragments.

5. The category of chipping includes debiting products (including scales), which have pronounced dorsal and ventral surfaces. Fragments of chips are defined as shards.

6. Tiles indicate flat samples of flint without signs of intentional splitting and not falling under the definition of "pebble materials".

7.All items with signs of deliberate secondary finishing in the form of chips and/or retouching are classified as tools.

8. In the description and graphic representation, simple nuclei are oriented with the impact pad up, and multi-site ones-depending on the location of a more expressive pad. Orientation of tools-vertically along the long axis of the object, regardless of the type of initial blank, which is primarily due to the small number of tools on chips, and in some cases, the inability to accurately determine the direction of removal of the chip itself. The validity of changing the traditional principle of tool orientation in relation to Early Paleolithic products on chips and macro-tools was already justified by V. N. Gladilin and V. I. Sitlivy [1990, pp. 9-10].

9. Typological definitions of tools are given based on the most commonly used terms used in paleolithic studies. The small size of the vast majority of tools in the Darvagchai-1 industry made the use of the prefix micro-unnecessary, and the intensive use of various types of secondary finishing in their design and re-registration, organization of working (functional) elements and accommodation areas led to the rejection of the category of complex combined tools. In typological definitions, the emphasis is placed on a more expressive working element - a cutting or scraping blade, a recess, a protrusion, etc.

Characteristics of stone tools

A total of 260 items from the 2005 excavations were analyzed in accordance with their belonging to a particular cultural horizon (Tables 1-3). The analyzed stone inventory starts from three levels of sedimentation, followed by-

Table 1.

Distribution of stone tools by layers (from excavations in 2005)

Category

Layer

Total

7/4

Quantity

Pebbles / knuckles with chips

11,9

3,8

Nuclei

2,5

3,7

3,6

3,1

The wreckage

22,2

23,5

Chips and splinters

16,4

22,2

16,7

17,7

Tools

54,1

51,9

48,8

135

51,9

Total

122

100

260

100

* From the total number of items.

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Table 2.

Distribution of tools by layers (from excavations in 2005)

Type

Layer

Total

7/4

Quantity

Chip with retouching

2,2

Chip with retouching

0,7

Scraper

39,3

Dredged tool

11,9

Spiky "

17,8

Beak-shaped "

5,9

Dolotovidnoye "

0,7

Jagged "

Spearhead

2,2

Peak-type cannon

0,7

Skreblo

11,1

Cutter

Pebble cannon with a spout

0,7

Protorubilo

0,7

Total

135

100

Table 3.

Distribution of types of tool blanks by layer (from excavations in 2005)

Type

Layer

Total

7/4

Quantity

Pebbles/nodule

11,1

Tile

16,3

Chip

34,1

Chip

15,5

Shard

Total

135

100

each other, and represents to a certain extent a sample from the general composition of the industry. During the excavations, the collection did not include dubious, as it seemed at the time, small fragments of flint, split nodules and pebbles in half. This was reflected in the final ratio of the products of primary fission and the set of tools.

Layer 6 Industry

Primary cleavage products (56 specimens - 45.9 %). The nuclei (3 copies) are made of flint, rounded to varying degrees, and their surface has a characteristic waxy sheen*.

A depleted two-site single-sided nucleus (29 x 25 x 16 mm) shows the perpendicular direction of the removal (Fig. 7, 1) from the convex surface. The two-site one-sided bipedal nucleus (28 x 18 x 13 mm) is made of a trapezoid-shaped fragment (Fig. 7, 2). The impact pads are smooth and decorated with single chips. A depleted two-site one-sided bipedal nucleus (21 x 16 x 9 mm) is formed on a pebble fragment (Figs. 7, 4). Short chips were removed from the narrow face of the workpiece. One impact pad is natural, the other is decorated with a single removal followed by a touch-up of the edge.

The nucleoid fragments (4 specimens) range in size from 37 to 45 mm in maximum length (40 mm on average)*.

* Further reference to the industry's predominant rounded flint artefacts is given as needed.

* Next, the dimensions of all artifacts are specified by their maximum length.

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7. Stone tools from layer 6. 1, 2, 4 - nuclei; 3-scrapers; 5, 10, 14, 15-awl-shaped tools; 6, 11, 12, 16 - 18 - scrapers; 7 - notched tool; 8, 9 - chips with retouching; 13 - cutter.

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Fragments of depleted nuclei and pebbles with negative chipping, two amorphous ones, are presented.

The wreckage (29 copies) has dimensions from 10 to 45 mm (an average of 23 mm). One piece is made of white quartz, the rest are made of flint. Most of the wrecks (25 specimens) show signs of roundness.

Whole chips (3 specimens) are morphologically defined as flake, marginal chip, and secondary flake. Their sizes range from 11 to 35 mm (the average size is 22 mm).

Chips with retouched recycling (4 copies) have sizes from 24 to 40 mm (average-30 mm). The most expressive is the secondary flake with a negative of longitudinal removal, a smooth platform and a relief impact bump (Figs. 7, 9). In the cut of surfaces, negatives of unidirectional transverse and orthogonal chips are determined. Traces of recycling are present in the form of occasional edge retouching.

Fragments (5 specimens) are represented by distal parts of the chips (3 specimens), proximal and medial. Three items have a waxy sheen on their surfaces. The size of the fragments is from 6 to 24 mm.

Shards with retouched recycling (8 copies), with the exception of one, have a waxy sheen. In half of the objects, the lower surface is weakly expressed, resembling the planes of natural splitting. The utilization of edges and corner protrusions can be traced in the form of two or four facets of semi-cool and steep retouching. The size of the fragments is from 10 to 32 mm.

Gun kit (66 copies - 54.1%). The pic-type cannon (119 x 85 x 83 mm) is the largest item in the collection (Figs. 8, 10). It is made on a pear-shaped flint pebble. The narrow end of the object has a pyramidal shape, formed by heavily rounded negatives of large chips taken in the direction from the top.

Scrapers (9 copies) are represented by simple and double varieties. Among the tools with one working edge, diagonal, longitudinal and transverse ones are distinguished. Product sizes range from 33 to 59 mm (average size 43 mm).

A diagonal scraper with a natural edge (42 x 30 x 24 mm) is made on a broken jaw. The slightly curved blade is decorated with a steep one-sided retouch and a negative of a flat chip (Figs. 8, 9).

A longitudinal scraper with a rim (33 x 18 x 13 mm) is made on a fragment of tile. The uneven blade is decorated with regular steep multi-facet retouching, and the rim located on the longitudinal edge is counter - vertical. Another longitudinal scraper with a rim (47 x 26 x 13 mm) is made on an elongated chip. The dorsal surface is smooth, formed by a negative of longitudinal removal. The shock bump is raised and convex. The impact area is narrow and smooth. On the thick longitudinal edge, a narrow chip with a loop-shaped end is allocated to the rim.

The straight blade is decorated with a two-row scaly-step retouch (Fig. 8, 3).

A transverse scraper with a wide natural rim (48 x 42 x 32 mm) is made on a nucle-shaped fragment of the nodule. The convex blade is formed by negatives of flat gripping chips and then applying a steep regular edge retouching (Figs. 8, 5). Another transverse scraper (59 x 49 x 12 mm) is made on a flat pebble fragment in the form of an asymmetric triangle. The blade is uneven, slightly curved, and bounded at the edges by protrusions. It is based on a wide Cleckton recess with secondary vertical retouching. One of the protrusions is additionally corrected with a short chip directed along the blade (Figs. 8, 4). Another transverse chip (44 x 37 x 11 mm)is made on a triangular tile. The blade is convex, uneven, decorated with an orderly steep and steep retouching. The longitudinal edges of the tile converging to the top are slightly concave, treated with rough vertical retouching, one - counter, the other-one-sided and two chips made in the tool technique, which can be evaluated as a possible design of the nozzle (Fig. 8, 2).

Double scraper with diagonal and longitudinal arrangement of blades (41 x 25 x 14 mm) is made on a massive elongated chip with a natural platform. The surface cut indicates the use of bipolar technology. The blades are located on the ventral side of the chip. One, short, convex, diagonal, decorated in the distal part with a steep two-row retouch. The other blade, on the longitudinal edge, has a convex-concave shape in plan and in cross-section. The concave part is formed by a wide notch followed by applying a steep retouch, and the convex part is formed by two flat shots and a steep edge retouch (Figs. 8, 8). The convergent scraper (41 x 30 x 10 mm) is made on a pointed almond-shaped chip. The convex blades are treated with rough steep and jagged retouching (Figs. 8, 6). Another convergent scraper (35 x 24 x 13 mm) is made of a massive triangular fragment. A steep one-sided regular gripping retouch was used (see Figs. 7, 3). The tool has a number of features similar to Quinson-type points.

Scrapers (29 copies) are represented by a variety of products made of pebbles, debris and chips, which usually have short blades with steep or steep retouching. These tools lack any pronounced form standardization characteristic of Upper Paleolithic scrapers. Product sizes range from 11 to 42 mm (average 21 mm). Some of the tools have an original morphological appearance. There are also small series (from two to five) of scrapers with their own characteristics.

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8. Stone tools from layer 6. 1 - excavated tool; 2-6, 8, 9 - scrapers; 7-chisel-shaped tool; 10-peak-type tool.

Scrapers made on small pebbles and conventionally designated as "chopper-shaped", 3 copies. One of them (16 x 12 x 7 mm) has almost vertical chipping along the transverse edge and part of the longitudinal edge (Figs. 9, 6). Cross-section scrapers include a tool on a pebble fragment (35 x 17 x 15 mm). Another pebble scraper (24 x 14 x 11 mm) is defined as a longitudinal one by the position of the blade (Figs. 9, 9).

Nucle-shaped scrapers (2 copies) are made of fragments, have a convex uneven blade that occupies almost half of the perimeter of the workpiece. In one of them (27 x 18 x 14 mm), the blade is decorated with almost vertical cuts (see Figs. 7, 16) and corrected by chipped undercarriage. Undergrowth is also observed in another tool (33 x 22 x 17 mm), the blade of which grabs the longitudinal and transverse edges of the workpiece (see Figs. 7, 17).

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Figure 9. Stone tools from layer 6.

1, 2 - notched tools; 3, 12, 15-awl-shaped tools; 4-toothed tool; 5-fragment with retouching; 6 - 11, 14, 17, 18, 20 - scrapers; 13-point; 16, 19 - beak-shaped tools.

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Scrapers with a longitudinal (along the long axis of the tool) blade arrangement 3 copies. A very small scraper (11 x 9 x 5 mm) is made on a fragment with a dihedral back. The blade is slightly convex and has a steep ventral retouch (see Figs. 9, 11). Two scrapers with straight and convex blades are made on the wreckage (dimensions 23 x 11 x 7 and 30 x 21 x 12 mm, respectively). A series (4 copies) of longitudinal scrapers on fragments with a prominent spike is expressive (see Figures 9, 10, 20). Their dimensions are: 13 x 10 x 6; 13 x 10 x 6; 15 x 10 x 6 and 15 x 9 x 4 mm.

Transverse scrapers include two tools with straight and convex blades made on fragments. The first one (19 x 11 x 5 mm) is designed with a vertical retouch, the second one (15 x 13 x 6 mm) is designed with a steep retouch (see Figs. 9, 8). Tools with a diagonal - angular arrangement of the working edge are close to this group of scrapers. One of them is made on a fragment (15 x 9 x 6 mm), the other-on a fragment (19 x 14 x 7 mm).

Scrapers with a convex blade "spout" 4 copies. One is made of a fragment of tile (27 x 18 x 10 mm) and has a flat retouched base (see Figures 7, 6). The other scraper with a pointed retouched base is made on a fragment (18 x 14 x 7 mm). The blades are decorated with cool retouching. A scraper made on a tile (25 x 23 x 8 mm) with vertical retouching and chipped undergrowth is expressive (see Figs. 7, 18). The last gun of this group is made of a massive fragment (26 x 21 x 11 mm).

Double angular scrapers 2 copies. One is made on a flat fragment (16 x 10 x 3 mm) with edges converging at right angles, decorated with vertical retouching (see Figures 9, 7); the other is made of a fragment (19 x 14 x 8 mm).

Double alternative scrapers are presented in 4 copies. The blades of the gun, made on a pebble fragment (42 x 20 x 14 mm), are decorated on the longitudinal edges with a steep retouch. The other scraper is made of a triangular shard (16 x 13 x 4 mm). Its convex longitudinal and transverse edges are decorated with steep retouching - ventral and dorsal. A scraper made on a fragment (34 x 20 x 10 mm) combines a short diagonal and uneven longitudinal blade (see Figs. 7, 12). A small piece of rubble (12 x 10 x 6 mm) was used to make a cannon with opposite blades (see Figs. 9, 18). The tile-mounted scraper (16 x 13 x 6 mm) has convex transverse and serrated longitudinal blades (see Figs. 9, 17).

Multi-blade scrapers include two tools with a working edge length of more than 2/3 of the workpiece perimeter. In the case of a scraper made on a primary chip (22 x 20 x 7 mm), the blades were formed with a steep edge uneven retouching (see Figs. 7, 11). The other weapon is made of a triangular fragment (18 x 13 x 7 mm). The converging edges at the corner of the blank are treated with steep and vertical retouching (see Figs. 9, 14).

Incisors (2 specimens) are represented by atypical flint samples. One is made on a fragment of tile (29 x 22 x 6 mm). The blade is formed on the corner of the workpiece with multidirectional short incisor chips. The other cutter is made on a janus type chip with a dihedral residual area (25 x 16 x 4 mm). The blade is formed by a single incisor chip at the corner of the distal part of the workpiece (see Figs. 7, 13).

Toothed tools (2 copies) - products made of flint with regular toothed retouching. They are represented by small fragments (12 x 8 x 5 and 15 x 13 x 7 mm) of ancient broken tools. The smaller one is made on the tile, the larger one (see Figs. 9, 4) - on the fragment.

Excavated tools (5 copies) differ in the location and finish of the working element. One is made on a massive chip (28 x 19 x 10 mm) with a longitudinal cut of the dorsal surface (see Figures 7, 7). The working element in the form of a small Clecton notch is decorated on the distal edge. The other two tools with the Clecton notch are made on shallow (13 x 7 x 6 mm) and massive (48 x 41 x 21 mm) chips (see Fig. Among the excavated tools, we note two products with retouched recesses. One of them (18 x 17 x 7 mm) is made on a fragment of a "dolechny" chip. The recess is designed with a steep retouch and is limited to areas with alternative edge retouching (see Figure 9.1). Another gun with a retouched notch (17 x 11 x 10 mm) is made on the wreckage (see Figs. 9, 2).

Spike-shaped tools (11 copies) differ in the initial blanks, finishing details, and the number of selected awl-shaped protrusions. The latter, as a rule, are designed at the corners of the workpieces and have a relatively flat cross-section of the working element. Most guns have a single awl-shaped protrusion highlighted with secondary trim. Double guns with spikes 2 copies. Both are made of triangular-shaped debris (22 x 14 x 11; 15 x 10 x 8 mm). The spike-shaped protrusions are formed by a different combination of facets, incisor chips, and retouched recesses.

Among the simple items, we note an awl-shaped gun made from a triangular fragment (12 x 9 x 5 mm). Its working element is formed by a recess and a chisel chip. One awl-shaped tool is made on a chip (29 x 22 x 7 mm). The working element is formed by a face and a Clecton recess (see Figs. 7, 10). A combination of retouched edges and recesses (see Figs. 9, 3) reveals an awl-shaped protrusion at the corner of the fragment (18 x 15 x 7 mm). The spike of another tool made on the wreck (21 x 16 x 13 mm) shows a combination of facet, Cleckton notch and retouching (see Figures 9, 15). Another fragment gun (25 x 15 x 9 mm) has a working element formed by a face and a transverse edge treated with a steep retouch (see Figs. 7, 14). The awl-shaped protrusion on the other fragment (19 x 13 x 6 mm) is formed by

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two edges that converge at the corner, corrected by retouching (see Figs. 9, 12). One of them is corrected with a cool retouch and at the base of the subject. Note the spike-shaped tool made on a fragment of concretion (32 x 20 x 16 mm), with a pyramidal spike formed by four faces. The weapon is made of a shard (25 x 15 x 6 mm) with an awl-shaped protrusion, decorated with an alternative retouch (see Figs. 7, 5). On a triangular tile fragment (33 x 25 x 9 mm), a short spike is located in the middle part of the edge with alternative retouching (see Figs. 7, 15).

Beak-shaped tools (3 copies) are distinguished from awl-shaped ones by the pronounced massiveness of a narrow beak-shaped protrusion, decorated with facets of steep and vertical retouching. One (29 x 16 x 12 mm) is made of a nuclidean fragment, the narrow ledge at the corner of which is corrected with three facets of steep and steep unidirectional retouching and two facets of undergrowth. In a similar way, but without cutting, tools are made on a fragment (15 x 8 x 8 mm) (see Figs. 9, 16) and a fragment (14 x 7 x 6 mm) (see Figs. 9, 19).

The tip is made of an elongated pointed fragment (26 x 11 x 8 mm) of the nodule (see Figs. 9, 13). The working element is decorated with a cool dorsal retouch. On the ventral side there are negatives of the undergrowth.

The chisel-shaped tool is made on a fragment of a nodule (46 x 29 x 21 mm). The wedge-shaped short blade at the end of the fragment is highlighted by chipped undergrowth and double-sided retouching (see Figs. 8, 7).

The primary chip with retouching (28 x 19 x 6 mm) has an uneven convex edge. Steep and semi-steep edge retouching was used (see Figs. 1, 8).

In a retouched fragment (22 x 14 x 12 mm) (see Figs. 9, 5), one end is carefully decorated with chips of undergrowth and retouching on the cleavage plane and is a three-sided peak-shaped protrusion.

Layer 7 Industry (Layer 4)

Primary cleavage products (26 specimens - 48.1%). Nuclei (2 specimens) are formed on large rounded fragments of flint nodules. A single-site single-sided nucleus with dimensions of 72 x 56 x 46 mm (Figs. 10, 9) has a flat chipping front, decorated with a wide chipping with a steep crease in the end. The drum pad is straight and has been corrected with a rough retouch. A two-site single-sided nucleus with a perpendicular orientation of the shots has dimensions of 82 x 64 x 62 mm (Figs. 11, 7). Adjacent impact pads are formed by a series of relatively large shots.

10. Stone tools from layers 7/4 (9) and 8 (1-8). 1 - pebble tools with a spout; 2, 4 - notched tools; 3, 5 - chips with retouching; 6, 8 - scrapers; 7 - scraper; 9 - nucleus.

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11. Stone tools from layers 7/4 (7) and 8 (2 - 7). 1 - 3, 5 - nuclei; 4-chopper; 6, 7-scraper.

Nucleoid fragments of 5 copies. Their sizes range from 45 to 70 mm (the average size is 54 mm).

The wreckage (7 specimens) differs from the previous group primarily in its size-from 13 to 33 mm (an average of 19 mm).

Whole chips (3 copies) are represented by a chip with an indistinct cut, flake, and a janus-type chip. Their sizes range from 11 to 59 mm (the average size is 30 mm).

Chips with retouching - 3 copies. The faceting of the surfaces is orthogonal and bipolar, the shock pads are indeterminate, and the shock bumps are well defined. Traces of recycling are observed in the form of edge retouching at the corners and local areas of the edge. Chip sizes range from 17 to 25 mm.

Fragments (2 copies) are small (11-12 mm), defined as proximal and medial fragments of chips with unclear cut.

Shards with retouching - 4 copies. Traces of recycling are present in the form of two or three facets of cool retouching on certain parts of the edge. The size of the fragments is from 13 to 25 mm.

Gun kit (28 copies - 51.9 %). Scrapers (2 copies) belong to the transverse type. One is made on a primary chip (63 x 42 x 12 mm). The serrated blade is decorated with rough retouching on the ventral side (Figs. 12, 7). The opposite edge is concave, with traces of clogging or rough retouching. The other scraper is concave, with an angular projection, made of a fragment of tile (55 x 34 x 22 mm). The blade is decorated with a Cleckton notch with subsequent retouching (Fig. 12, 2). The opposite end of the workpiece is covered with rough upholstery.

Scrapers (9 copies) are single and double. The size of the guns is from 14 to 34 mm (the average size is 23 mm). The transverse scraper with an almost straight blade is made of a massive chip (29 x 25 x 12 mm). The blade is decorated with a sharp ventral edge retouch (Fig. 13, 10). The opposite end of the blank is corrected by rough retouching. A similar morphology has a scraper made on a fragment (14 x 10 x 5 mm) with an angular awl-shaped protrusion. The transverse convex scraper is made of tile (34 x 24 x 10 mm). The blade is designed with a cool edge retouch. Its edge is uneven, slightly toothed. Another transverse scraper with a convex working edge, made on tiles (16 x 9 x 7 mm), differs from the previous one by the presence of a recess adjacent to the blade. Close to it is a tool with a convex blade at the corner of the fragment (22 x 21 x 8 mm), decorated with cool retouching facets (Figs. 13, 4).

The longitudinal convex scraper is made on a massive fragment (24 x 17 x 9 mm). The blade is uneven, slightly toothed, and decorated with a cool retouch. A similar weapon is made of shrapnel (18 x 12 x 8 mm).

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12. Stone tools from layer 7/4. 1, 2-scrapers; 3-scraper; 4, 11-beak-shaped tools; 5, 7-10-spike-shaped tools; 6 - notched tool; 12-point; 13-tool fragment.

13. Stone tools from layers 7/4 (4, 8-11) and 8 (1 - 3, 5 - 7). 1 - toothed tool; 2-5, 8, 10-scrapers; 6-chisel; 7-point; 9, 11 - notched tools.

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Double scrapers (2 copies) are made on chips. The alternative scraper (26 x 17 x 11 mm) has blades in place of the impact pad and on the longitudinal edge of the workpiece (see Figs. 12, 3).The other tool is made on a massive chip (30 x 21 x 18 mm). The scraper is angular, with a high back. The blades are designed with vertical and steep retouching on the transverse and longitudinal edges of the chip (see Figs. 13, 8).

Excavated tools 6 copies. One (36 x 28 x 16 mm) is made of pebbles (see Figures 13, 11). The concave blade is decorated with a wide Cleckton notch, followed by vertical and steep retouching. Similar in design and location of the excavation is a tool made of debris (32 x 25 x 15 mm), with a sharp retouched longitudinal edge (see Figs. 13, 9). The chipped tool (22 x 18 x 6 mm) has a short Clecton notch and a protrusion separating it from the retouched portion of the edge on the ventral side (see Figs. 12, 6). Two of the fragments (16 x 12 x 9 and 20 x 12 x 8 mm) have been vertically retouched with shallow recesses. The tool, made on a small tile fragment (18 x 11 x 6 mm), has two small recesses - Clecton and retouched.

Spike-shaped tools (7 copies) are represented by products with one and two spikes. The awl-shaped protrusion on the fragment (20 x 16 x 7 mm) is formed by two faces and a retouched edge. The gun, made on a small piece of debris (14 x 6 x 5 mm), has a three-sided spike with traces of retouching disposal. An impressive tool is made of a fragment (16 x 13 x 4 mm), in which the awl-shaped protrusion is highlighted by a retouched notch and an edge retouched from the ventral side (see Fig. 12, 8). At the end of another fragment (23 x 13 x 8 mm), the spike is decorated by means of opposite edge retouching (see Fig. 12, 7). Its tip was broken in ancient times. In the case of a tool made on a fragment (22 x 14 x 8 mm), the awl-shaped protrusion is formed by a face and a retouched recess (see Figs. 12, 5).

Guns with two dedicated spikes are made on fragments (2 copies). In one (17 x 15 x 4 mm), adjacent spikes are formed by a retouched edge and recess (see Figs. 12, 9). In the other tool, the awl-shaped protrusions are located at opposite ends of the workpiece (18 x 7 x 5 mm). One spike is formed by two retouched recesses, and the other is formed by a recess and two retouched edges (see Figs. 12, 10).

Beak-shaped tools 2 copies. One is made on a tile fragment (21 x 13 x 7 mm), has a "high" projection, decorated at the end of the blank with a vertical retouch of two converging edges (see Figs. 12, 11). A similar product (17 x 9 x 6 mm) is made of shrapnel (see Figures 12, 4). A characteristic feature of these tools is the use of counter retouching.

The tip is made on an elongated fragment (29 x 14 x 8 mm). The sharp end of the tool is decorated with a retouch of converging edges and chips of the undergrowth (see Figs. 12, 12).

The two-sided retouched chip (25 x 23 x 10 mm) has a convex working edge (see Figures 12, 13). The weapon is made of tiles.

Layer 8 Industry

Primary cleavage products (43 specimens - 51.2 %)*. The nuclei (3 copies) are made on flint nodules. Two of them are single-platform, one-sided, with smooth straight impact pads. Cleavage surfaces are slightly convex. A large nucleus (87 x 66 x 63 mm) has a transverse orientation of chips (see Figs. 11, 2), and a smaller one (42 x 32 x 24 mm) has a longitudinal orientation (see Fig. 11, 5). The third nucleus (41 x 37 x 32 mm) is multi-site (see Figs. 11, 3).

The nucleoid fragments (5 specimens) range in size from 38 to 60 mm (average size 49 mm). Four items retain their natural crusts.

There are 11 pieces of wreckage. Their sizes range from 15 to 37 mm (28 mm on average).

Whole chips (4 copies) are made of flint (2 copies), black shale rock and siliceous limestone. The last two were obtained from pebbles and have no traces of roundness. Flint chips (flakes and secondary flakes) are rounded and have a waxy sheen. Item sizes range from 13 to 56 mm (average size 35 mm).

Chips with retouching - 3 copies. A flake is defined as a primary chip, while the other two flakes have an orthogonal cut. On all chips there is an episodic retouching of recycling. Sizes from 14 to 29 mm (average 21 mm).

Fragments (2 specimens) are represented by the proximal part (width 32 mm) of the cleavage with a dihedral back, a smooth impact pad, a large impact tubercle, and the medial part of the cleavage (width 13 mm) with an indistinct cut.

Fragments with retouching - 5 copies. The proximal fragment of the marginal cleavage with a natural impact site and a raised impact tubercle is expressive (see Figs. 10, 3). Traces of utilization can be traced in the form of rough ventral retouching. Other fragments are represented by distal parts of the chips.

* 10 chipped flint pebbles were excluded from the analysis.

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14. Stone tools from layer 8.

1-7-scrapers; 8-chisel; 9, 10 - notched tools; 11-14-spike-shaped tools; 15-17-beak-shaped tools.

Gun kit (41 copies - 48.8%). The pebble implement with a spout is made of a rounded piece of flint (90 x 60 x 42 mm) with numerous chip negatives (see Figs. 10, 1). It is possible that this object was originally used as a nucleus. Its subsequent transformation into a tool was carried out on the protruding section of the transverse edge by a series of short chips forming a pyramidal protrusion-spout.

The asymmetrical almond-shaped chopper is made on flat sandstone pebbles (107 x 65 x 27 mm). The heel of the gun retains a pebble crust, and the distal half of the workpiece was thoroughly double-sided beaten. The chip negatives (some of them, like edge retouching negatives, have creases) and the edges between them are very smoothed out, but they are clearly visible. By careful retouching, the protruding areas of the ribs were cut off, and as a result, the longitudinal edges converging at the distal end acquired almost even or slightly curved outlines (see Figs. 11, 4).

Skrebel 4 copies. Two scrapers are transverse, slightly curved, with limited protrusions of the blades, decorated with steep and vertical retouching. One of them (61 x 40 x 15 mm) is made on a triangular flint breccia tile (see Figures 11, 7). Its longitudinal edges are corrected with short chips and accommodation retouching. Another scraper (61 x 50 x 28 mm) is made on a massive fragment of a flint concretion (see Figs. 11, 6). On its longitudinal edges are negatives of short accommodation chips. A transverse concave-toothed scraper (33 x 32 x 11 mm) with a blade between the spike-shaped protrusions is made of a triangular fragment of tile (see Figs. 10, 6).

Double scraper (38 x 32 x 12 mm) convex, angular, with a truncated base (see Figs. 10, 8). The blades are decorated with steep and semi-steep multi-facet retouching.

Scrapers 15 copies. Four of them are "chopper-shaped", made on small pebbles, including transverse ones with a straight edge and a blade cut (18 x 12 x 12 mm) (Fig. 14, 4), with a convex one (18 x 15 x 11 mm) (Fig. 14, 1) and a beveled one (23 x 16 x 8 mm) edged and longitudinal with a concave toothed blade (28 x 19 x 13 mm) (see Figs. 13, 5).

Cross scrapers with a convex blade include tools made of longitudinally split pebbles (21 x 13 x 8 mm) (see Figures 14, 2), fragments (22 x 14 x 9 mm) and two products made on tiles (17 x 12 x 7; 26 x 24 x 7 mm), with one (see Figures 14, 6) and two (see Figures 13, 5) retouched recesses. A scraper (40 x 33 x 12 mm) with a short blade at the corner of the tile and truncated retouched longitudinal edges is close to transverse (see Figs. 10, 7).

An impressive series is represented by double alternative scrapers made on debris (27 x 18 x 13; 30 x 26 x 11 mm) (see Fig. 13, 2) and fragments (13 x 10 x 5; 14 x 11 x 6; 18 x 11 x 5 mm) (see Fig. 14, 5, 7). Double angular scraper (18 x

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10 x 5 mm) is made of tile and decorated with a one-sided cool retouch (see figs. 14, 3).

Incisors (2 copies) are made on fragments of tiles. The blade of one (25 x 13 x 8 mm) is formed on the corner of the workpiece with two incisor chips and is accompanied by a retouched recess (see Fig. 14, 8). The other incisor is close in design to the middle varieties (29 x 12 x 7 mm) (see Fig. 13, 6).

Toothed tools (2 copies) are made on the wreckage. A cool jagged retouch was applied. The product dimensions are 20 x 14 x 8 and 28 x 20 x 16 mm (see Fig. 13, 1).

The excavated tools (5 copies) are made of pebbly fragments (72 x 64 x 29 mm) (see Fig. 10, 2), chips (22 x 16 x 8; 37 x 18 x 9 mm) (see Fig. 10, 4) and angular fragments (17 x 10 x 7; 20 x 16 x 10 mm) (see Figures 14, 9, 10). All of them have one retouched notch.

Spike-shaped tools (6 copies) are represented by a variety of products with one or two protrusions having a triangular cross-section. Their characteristic feature is that the spikes are confined to flattened areas of the edge or corner of the workpiece. On one chip (19 x 16 x 5 mm), two awl-shaped protrusions are distinguished (see Figs. 14, 14), the remaining tools with one spike. They are made on fragments (20 x 14 x 10; 15 x 10 x 7; 18 x 11 x 6 mm) (see Figures 14, 11), a fragment (24 x 16 x 6 mm) (see Figures 14, 12) and a chip (21 x 12 x 6 mm). (see Figures 14 and 13).

The beak-shaped tools (3 copies) differ from the awl-shaped ones in the more "high" shape of the working elements, which resemble narrow scraper blades. One of them (21 x 13 x 7 mm) is made on a tile fragment (see Figures 14, 17), and the other two (16 x 7 x 4; 25 x 12 x 10 mm) are made on fragments (see Figures 14, 15, 16).

Completing the list of tools are a point (22 x 17 x 5 mm) on a pointed chip (see Figs. 13, 7) and a semi-edge longitudinal chip with retouching (see Figs. 10, 5).

Conclusion

The Darvagchai-1 industry is actually a mono-raw material industry, based on the use of flint in the form of rounded nodules, pebbles and their fragments, including flat samples (tiles). The size of flint raw materials in the range of 1-12 cm allowed the inhabitants of the parking lot to make large products. Massive, continuous flints (petrographic analysis by N. A. Kulik, NSU). Among them, yellowish-gray, yellowish and gray differences predominate. All the flints used are of the same type and were formed by silicification of organogenic limestones containing a significant admixture of sandy material. The available large fragments of large and small pebbles allow us to assign them to the 3rd roundness class. Only in nine cases, the surface of pebbles showed traces of their collision in a water stream. The absence of such traces on stone objects means that the re - rolling of the material, already in the form of artifacts, did not occur in a directed water flow, but in an environment that excluded sharp and strong collisions-in a water-sand suspension in the tidal beach zone of the sea.

Primary cleavage is characterized by crushed pebbles, small nuclei, and the predominance of amorphous and angular fragments over chips. Cleavage of flakes was performed mainly from two-sided nuclei with natural or smooth areas; faceted ones were not installed. Massive chips predominate, completely or partially preserving the pebble crust, unidirectional, shortened. There are flakes with a cross, bis-longitudinal cut of the back and chips with a smooth front surface; single lobular ones are present. Scales are relatively rare. There are no chips in the biface design. The composition of the stone objects allows us to confidently say that their splitting and subsequent disposal was carried out directly at the parking lot.

Secondary finishes are dominated by edge, rough, single-row, jagged, steep, and vertical retouching. Upholstery, undergrowth, counter and alternative retouching, as well as fine edge painting were widely used. The technique of incisive chipping and techniques for obtaining Clecton ankos were used. Cases of using two-sided retouching are rare.

Various fragments, fragments of tiles and fragments were more often used as blanks for tools, and less often - chips and pebbles. Among the selected categories of tools, scraper-shaped (scrapers, scrapers) and pointed (awl-shaped, beak-shaped, points) predominate. The next position is occupied by notched and toothed tools. Large products made of pebbles and nodules are rare. A special feature of the industry is the diversity and instability of typological forms within the selected categories of tools, the lack of any standardization and repeatability of features.

The small size of the tools, the intensive and diverse use of secondary finishing that forms the type-forming elements and accommodation areas, suggest that a significant part of the tools could be effective only if they were fixed in special devices-handles, wooden or bone. Chips of the undergrowth, recesses, modifying retouching in areas opposite to the working element, give reason to talk about directed activity for the purpose of decorating the nozzle.

Stratigraphic data indicate three stages of settlement of the site located in the beach area

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the ancient Caspian Sea. The stone inventory shows all the cycles of processing flint (from testing raw materials to making tools), which indicates the localization of complexes on a limited area of the beach. A high percentage of tools * allows materials from three levels of habitation to be considered as remnants of different settlements. What is the real chronological gap between them, it is difficult to say. According to archaeological criteria, we can trace changes in the abundance and composition of complexes from the lower cultural layers to the upper ones. However, no significant differences between them have been established - the microlytic appearance and the almost unchanged set of the main categories of tools remain.

Judging by biostratigraphic estimates of the relative age of culture-bearing deposits, the Darvagchaya-1 industry is one of the oldest in the Caucasus and probably predates the appearance of classical angel complexes here. The technological features of the microindustry (splitting techniques, cross-cutting, unidirectional and bipedal splitting, the absence of radial, as well as any signs of the Levallois method and site faceting) together separate it from these complexes. Almost no double-sided retouching or padding was used in the design of the guns. There is no standardization both in the selection of pre-defined workpiece shapes and in the morphology of tools. Attention is drawn to the small number and specificity of chopper-shaped products. All this rather indicates the isolation of the industry, its specifics in comparison with pebble and angel complexes. The presence of single tools with two-sided processing in it is probably due to borrowing from the archanthropes who penetrated to the Caucasus - carriers of angelic traditions.

The discovery of the Early Paleolithic microindustry in the Caucasus is very important for solving the problem of the oldest migrations of human populations in the early Pleistocene. The oldest microlithic complexes in Eurasia were discovered in Israel-Bizat Rukhama (Ronen et al., 1998; Zaidner, Ronen, and Burdukiewicz, 2003) (ca. 1 Ma), and China-Xiaochangliang and Dongguto [Wei Qi, 1989; Wei Qi, Meng Hao, and Cheng Shengquan, 1985; Huang Weiwen, 1985; Yu Yuzhu, 1989; Yu Yuzhu, Tang Yingjun, and Li Yi, 1980; Wei Qi, 1985] (1-1.3 Ma), Tajikistan-Kuldara [Ranov, 1992; Ranov and 1987; Ranov and Schaeffer, 2000; Ranov and Dodonov, 2003] (ca. 0.9 Ma). This tradition is still preserved in Central Asia at a later time. It is most pronounced in the Early Paleolithic localities of Kazakhstan-Koshkurgan-1 and -2, Shoktas-1-3 (Derevyanko, Petrin, and Taimagambetov, 2000; Derevyanko, Petrin, and Taimagambetov et al., 2000) - dated to 500-400 Ka BP. Microlithic complexes of the Early Paleolithic are also known in Europe. The earliest location of Isernium la Pineta (Italy) is dated by the K/Ar method to 736 ± 40 thousand years ago. Such well-known sites with microindustries as Vertesseles (industria Buda), Bilzingsleben, etc., are 300-600 thousand years old. One of the authors considered the problem of such a wide geographical distribution of the Early Paleolithic microindustry in Eurasia ca. 1 million years ago [Derevyanko, 2006]. How can this phenomenon be explained? Microindustry could have emerged over a vast area from the Middle East to East Asia as a result of the spread of one of the oldest migration waves from Africa. The second option is that its appearance on a particular territory was associated with changes in the adaptation strategies of ancient man, who adapted to new environmental conditions, raw materials and other factors that determined his culture, the main content and appearance of industrial complexes. In our opinion, the first option is the most preferable. At the earliest stage of the settlement of Eurasia in the chronological range of 2-1.5 million years AGO, there were two migration waves from Africa: one associated with the carriers of the traditions of the Olduvai industry, the other with the microlitic industry. On localities that are more than 2 million years old (Western Turkana and the river basin). Omo), an industry characterized by nuclei and flakes with retouching, the dimensions of which are 30 - 40 and less than 30 mm, respectively, was identified. It differs in all respects from the Olduvai one. The appearance of local variants of the most ancient plants in Africa, taking into account the isolation and small number of groups of early Homo and late Australopithecines, was not only possible, but also inevitable. Therefore, from our point of view, it is impossible to deny the possibility of co-existence in Africa earlier than 2 million years AGO of the Olduvai industry and the microlytic one.

In the Middle East and China, the co-existence of the large-scale tool industry and the microlitic industry is recorded in areas that are approximately 10,000 km apart, at sites that are more than 1 million years old. A similar situation is observed in Tajikistan.

There are three main migration waves in the North Caucasus. Until recently, many researchers associated the initial settlement of this territory with archanthropes, carriers of the angelic tradition. In recent years, there have been

* In the excavation materials of 2006, which took into account all the flints with signs of artificial impact, the proportion of tools ranges from 13% in layer 6 to 27% in layer 8.

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new discoveries have been made that have fundamentally changed the point of view on this problem. In the western part of the North Caucasus, on the Taman Peninsula of the Sea of Azov, the Early Paleolithic Bogatyri and Rodniki localities belonging to the Early Neo-Pleistocene were discovered (Shchelinsky et al., 2006). They are typical of the pre-Ashel industry, which is probably a late modification of the Olduvai one. So far, it is difficult to answer the question of how to promote this migration wave. The simplest assumption is that the oldest human populations, represented by the Dmanisi (Eastern Georgia) and Azykh Caves (Azerbaijan) sites, penetrated the Caspian lowland to the north, to the territory of the North Caucasus. But so far, late Olduvai complexes have not been recorded in Dagestan. The earliest microindustries in this area are the Early Paleolithic microindustries of the Darvagchai-1 and Rubas-1 localities discovered in 2006. No more ancient complexes have yet been found in Dagestan.

Materials from the Early Paleolithic site of Darvagchai-1 indicate the long-term existence and development of the microlytic industry in this area. The earliest culture - bearing horizons probably belong to the Early Baku transgression, and the overlying ones-to the late Baku. Thus, the estimated lifetime of this industry is 800-600 thousand years ago.

Two different industries in the North Caucasus - the Late Alduvai industry in its western part and the microlithic industry in its eastern part - indicate two migration waves of its settlement by the oldest human populations. The third wave is associated with angelic culture. The presence of a bifacial tool (protorubil) in the upper culture-containing horizon of the Darvagchai-1 locality poses new interesting problems for researchers. Of course, further study of the unique locations of Darvagchay-1 and Rubas-1 in Dagestan provides new materials for solving a number of fundamental problems.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 09.07.07.

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