Libmonster ID: MD-1383
Author(s) of the publication: T. A. Ignatenko

A. M. PANKRATOVA. The working class of Russia. Selected works . Moscow, Nauka Publ. 1983. 559 p.

The name of Academician A. M. Pankratova (1897-1957), a scientist, organizer of Soviet historical science and public figure, is widely known. Her creative career is organically connected with the development of Soviet historiography in the 20-50s. It reflects the characteristic features of the generation of Soviet historians who passed the school of revolution and civil war, brought up in the Institute of the red Professorship. Academicians I. I. Mints, M. V. Nechkina, A.M. Pankratova, such scientists as E. B. Genkina, S. M. Dubrovsky, B. B. Grave, A. L. Sidorov, K. F. Sidorov, D. A. Baevsky and others.,

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In the 20s and 30s, they took over the baton from the Bolshevik historians, associates of V. I. Lenin - V. V. Adoratsky, V. I. Nevsky, M. S. Olminsky, M. N. Pokrovsky - and had a great influence on the further development of Soviet historical science. Historians of this generation are characterized by a combination of scientific, teaching and social, party activities, a wide range of problems of scientific studies. At the same time, each of them had one central theme, the study of which, as a rule, is devoted to the entire creative life. Such a topic for A. M. Pankratova was the history of the working class of our country1 . This choice was determined not only by the nature of the tasks that the young Soviet historical science had to solve in the first place, but also by the previous revolutionary activity of A.M. Pankratova, a member of the Odessa underground in 1919, a party propagandist, agitator and organizer of trade union work in the Urals in the early 1920s. Research on the history of the Russian working class formed the basis for reprinting the works of A. M. Pankratova 2 . They cover a huge chronological period-from the prehistory of the proletariat in the serf era to October. The works included in the volume were written in 1925-1956 and reflect the process of formation and improvement of the historian's research method.

An urgent task in the 1920s was to overcome various liberal-bourgeois, narodnik, and Menshevik schemes in the history of the proletariat. And Tugan - Baranovsky, K. A. Pazhitnov, A. E. Elnitsky, M. S. Balabanov, and others). A.M. Pankratova revealed the methodological inconsistency of the works of these authors, who separated the history of the working class from socio-political evolution, from the economic and political shifts that took place in the country as a whole. Already in the 1920s and early 1930s, it made new use of previously known materials, and in addition, it attracted numerous archival sources on the history of the working class.

With the name A. M. Pankratova is associated with the organization of the first special scientific center-a Section on the history of the Proletariat of the USSR at the Institute of History of the Communist Academy, established in 1929. The printed organ of the Section was the periodical collections " History of the Proletariat. USSR" (1930-1935), edited by A. M. Pankratova. The Section and its collections helped unite the efforts of Soviet historians of the working class. For the first time in Soviet historiography, the Section developed a scientific program for studying the history of the working class of the USSR for a long period (pp. 129-161). It identified the most important groups of sources and main components of the problem: the emergence, main stages of growth, economic situation, forms and nature of the mass movement, the formation of the ideology of the working class, and the development of its organizations. A. M. Pankratova herself did a lot to implement this program. In the works published in the collection ("Workers' Unrest in serf Russia in the first half of the 19th century", "Proletarianization of the peasantry and its role in the formation of the industrial proletariat of Russia"), she paid great attention to poorly developed issues that still cause discussion at that time.

The study of the history of the working class, according to A. M. Pankratova, should have answered the fundamental question: "Why exactly did the Russian proletariat become in power for the first time in the history of mankind, what did it represent during its historical existence, what were the tortuous and complex ways of its class formation and political maturation, what are its past and present connections and relationships with other classes" (p. 130). One of the main themes in her scientific work was the revolution of 1905-1907. Based on Lenin's concept, it did much to study the history of the working class and its struggles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In his studies "The Working Class and the Labor Movement on the eve of the 1905 Revolution", "Textile workers in the 1905 - 1907 Revolution", "The 1905 - 1907 Revolution in Russia - the first people's revolution of the imperialist era", A. M. Pankratov reveals the role of the Russian proletariat as the hegemon of the first people's revolution

1 See: From the History of the Working Class and the Revolutionary Movement. Moscow, 1958, preface; Badya L. V. Akademik A.M. Pankratova - istorik rabochego klassa SSSR [Academician A.M. Pankratova-Historian of the Working class of the USSR]. Moscow, 1979.

2 Editorial Board: Academician N. M. Druzhinin, Academician I. I. Mints, L. V. Badya, E. N. Gorodetsky, Yu. I. Kiryanov, V. Ya. Laverychev (editor-in-chief), M. T. Pankratova, N. V. Polyakova, V. P. Sherstobitov.

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of the epoch of imperialism, and the participation in it of individual, the largest detachments of workers.

In developing the history of factories and factories, A. M. Pankratova saw a prerequisite for creating fundamental generalizing works on the history of the working class, as well as material for educating young people in the spirit of revolutionary and labor traditions. She herself was engaged in the history of the Hammer and Sickle factory, and the collection contains her article about the participation of workers of this plant in the events of 1905. In her articles on problems and methods of studying the history of enterprises (pp. 258 - 307), Pankratova drew attention to the class-party approach to historical phenomena, the study of their dialectical connections and patterns, the exposure of theories hostile to the proletariat, and the ability to combine the history of the enterprise with the history of the country. The programs for studying the history of factories and plants developed with her direct participation helped numerous authors who worked on the history of factories and plants in the 1930s3 . The report made by A. M. Pankratova at the VII International Congress of Historical Sciences (Warsaw, 1933)" Problems and methods of historical research in the creation of the history of factories in the USSR " aroused the interest of delegates and the responses of the foreign press. Soviet historians also turned to the works of A. M. Pankratova in the 50s and 60s, when the study of the history of factories and plants was intensified .4
Many of the propositions expressed by A. M. Pankratova do not lose their scientific significance and are used not only by Soviet historians ,but also in the countries of the socialist community when creating the history of enterprises. 5 Some specific recommendations are still relevant, in particular the method proposed by A. M. Pankratova for collecting and processing such important sources on the history of the revolutionary proletarian struggle as biographies and autobiographies of workers.

The reprinted works of A. M. Pankratova reflect important stages in the study of the history of the working class, which prepared the prerequisites for the creation of a fundamental generalizing work on the history of the working class of the USSR by the collective efforts of Soviet scientists. At the same time, it is a valuable source that makes it possible to determine the characteristic trends in the development of Soviet historical science in those years: the process of mastering its Leninist concept, sharp criticism of bourgeois and petty-bourgeois interpretations, and the development of new organizational forms and principles for studying Russian history.

A. M. Pankratova's creative plans included the creation of a 4-volume history of the Russian working class up to 19176 . The collective work now being developed on the multi-volume history of the working class of the USSR is a continuation of the work begun with her participation. Modern historians note the value of A. M. Pankratova's approach to studying the statistics of strikes in Russia, to the problem of sources that would allow us to trace the dynamics of the strike movement at its various stages .7 They further develop a comprehensive approach to the study of the history of the working class, in which the growth of industry, changes in the number and composition of workers, their political and legal status, the labor movement and the activities of the Bolshevik Party are covered in a close organic relationship.

The works of A. M. Pankratova, written 30-40 years ago, are still relevant and instructive today. They are characterized by logical construction, a clear definition of the research goal, reasoned conclusions and theoretical generalizations based on extensive and diverse factual material. Their style is characterized by clarity and imagery. The author always remembers the reader and tries to involve him in the solution of the questions raised in the research, involve him in the creative process of understanding the facts presented, and convince him of the validity of the conclusions.

"Selected works" by A. M. Pankratova are published at a high scientific level, so that you-

3 See A. M. Gorky and the creation of the history of Factories and Plants. and m-lov. M. 1959.

4 Rogachevskaya L. S. Some results of studying the history of factories and plants. - Voprosy istorii, 1963, N 3; Panfilova A.M. Izuchenie istorii fabrik i zavody na Istfakte MSU [Studying the history of factories and plants at the Moscow State University Faculty of History]. - History of the USSR, 1971, N 6.

5 See the abridged minutes of the Second International Conference on the History of Factories and Plants. June 7-10, 1972 Budapest, 1972.

6 In 1963, the Commission for the Publication of the works of Academician A.M. Pankratova, chaired by N. M. Druzhinin, published the first of her planned works - "The Formation of the Proletariat in Russia in the XVII - XVIII centuries."

7 Ivanova N. A. Questions of the strike struggle of the proletariat of Russia in modern historiography. In: Historical Notes, vol. 85.

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This was primarily due to their strict selection. The introductory article to the collection is interesting, which allows us to trace the path of A. M. Pankratova to science, to understand the process of forming her worldview, to take into account the factors and conditions that determined her scientific search and choice of the main research topic. The collection recreates the image of a major working-class historian. The publication is provided with editorial comments. They point out inaccuracies in the text, explain individual formulations, and briefly cover the solution of a particular issue in modern Soviet historiography.

"Selected Works" by A. M. Pankratova will be read with interest not only by specialists in the history of the Russian working class, but also by many historians who knew and remembered Anna Mikhailovna well - a scientist and educator of young historians.

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T. A. Ignatenko, A. M. PANKRATOV. WORKING CLASS OF RUSSIA. SELECTED WORKS // Chisinau: Library of Moldova (LIBRARY.MD). Updated: 29.01.2025. URL: https://library.md/m/articles/view/A-M-PANKRATOV-WORKING-CLASS-OF-RUSSIA-SELECTED-WORKS (date of access: 07.02.2025).

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